Chapter 14 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (1) Mineral resources extracted from the ground… Are processed into a variety of _______________ Provide us with economic benefits and ___________ The mining process also has a number of harmful environmental effects Example: Mining enough gold to make a pair of rings for newlyweds results in mining ___________ equal to the weight of more than _______ mid-size cars products jobs waste three

Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (2) In Australia and North America, mining companies level entire mountains of rock containing only ___________ concentrations of gold… And to extract the gold, miners spray a solution of highly toxic _______________ salts onto huge piles of crushed rock The solution than drains off the rocks, pulling some gold with it, into settling ______________. Toxic to birds and mammals drawn to these ponds in search of _______________ Can also leak or overflow, affecting our _______________ water supplies small cyanide ponds water drinking

Gold Mine with Cyanide Leach Piles and Ponds in South Dakota, U.S. Figure 14.1: This gold mine in the Black Hills of the U.S. state of South Dakota has disturbed a large area of land. This site also contains cyanide leach piles and settling ponds that are highly toxic to wildlife in the immediate area. Fig. 14-1, p. 346

Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold (3) In 2000, snow and heavy rains washed out an ____________ ________ on one end of cyanide leach pond in Romania. This dam’s collapse released large amounts of the mine’s waste water into the __________ and ____________ rivers Communities along these rivers could not __________or ____________ from the water Businesses near the river were ___________ down Thousands of fish and other aquatic animals and plants were _______________. Could this have been prevented if the mining company had installed a ________________ containment dam? earthen dam Tisza Danube fish drink shut killed stronger

14-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes and Hazards? Concept 14-1 Dynamic processes move matter within the earth and on its surface, and can cause volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, erosion, and landslides.

The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet What is geology? The science devoted to the study of dynamic processes taking place on earth’s _______________ and in earth’s _______________ Three major concentric zones of the earth Core – very hot, _______________ part Mantle – contains a layer of hot, flowing rock called the ___________________ that is covered by a rigid layer Crust – outermost, ___________ layer; contains the ________________ and _____________ crust (71%) The crust combined with the solid part of the mantle is called the _______________________ surface interior innermost asthenosphere thinnest continental oceanic lithosphere

Mantle (asthenosphere) Folded mountain belt Volcanoes Abyssal hills Abyssal floor Oceanic ridge Abyssal floor Abyssal plain Craton Trench Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Continental shelf Abyssal plain Continental slope Continental rise Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Figure 14.2: The earth’s crust and upper mantle have certain major features. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure. Mantle (asthenosphere) Inside the mantle, _________________ cells or ____________ move large volumes of rock and heat in loops. convection currents

The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (1) The movement of heat within the mantle may have caused the lithosphere to break up into huge, rigid plates called ______________________ Move very slowly atop the asthenosphere Typical speed is the rate at which _______________ grow Throughout history, continents have split apart and joined as their underlying plates have moved tectonic plates fingernails

Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries EURASIAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE ARABIAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE INDIA PLATE PACIFIC PLATE PACIFIC PLATE COCOS PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE NAZCA PLATE AUSTRALIAN PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE Figure 14.4: This map shows the earth’s major tectonic plates. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which plate are you riding on? SCOTIA PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATE Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Transform faults Fig. 14-4, p. 349

The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (2) Much of the geological activity at the earth’s surface takes place at the ___________________ between tectonic plates Three types of boundaries between plates Convergent boundaries – when an continental plate and an oceanic plate _____________, the continental plate usually rides above the oceanic plate…pushing it down in a process called ____________________ Subduction zone If this occurs between two oceanic plates, a _____________ forms continental plates, ______________ form boundaries collide subduction trench Subduction zone mountains

The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving (3) away 2. Divergent boundaries - when oceanic plates move __________ from one another, magma flows up through resulting cracks This creates _____________________, some of which have higher peaks and deeper canyons than continents have 3. Transform boundaries – occur when tectonic plates ___________ and grind past each other oceanic ridges Spreading center slide

California’s San Andreas Fault: A Transform Fault Figure 14.5: This is the San Andreas Fault as it crosses part of the Carrizo plain between San Francisco and Los Angeles, California (USA). This fault, which runs almost the full length of California, is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes. Question: Is there a transform fault near where you live? Fig. 14-5, p. 350

Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up and Some Wear Down Interior geologic processes: generated by ____________ from earth’s interior Generally _______________ the earth’s surface Ex: colliding continental plates, volcanoes External geologic processes: driven by the _______ (flowing water and wind) and influenced by _________ Generally _______________ down the earth’s surface Weathering - Physical, chemical, and biological processes that ________________ rocks into smaller particles Erosion – material is dissolved, loosened, or worn away from one part of the earth’s surface and _________________ elsewhere Due to wind, flowing water, human activities, glaciers heat builds up sun gravity wear break down deposited

Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior An active volcano occurs when magma reaches the earth’s surface through a vent or long crack called a ______________ Magma that reaches the earth’ surface is called ___________ Volcanic activity can release large chunks of lava rock, glowing hot ash, liquid lava, and __________ (H2O, CO2, SO2) 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption Killed ___________ of people in the Philippines Wet ash heavy enough to ____________ buildings Particles in the atmosphere reduced incoming solar energy and cooled avg. temperatures by 1 F ° for ______ months fissure lava gases hundreds collapse 15

Benefits of Volcanoes Formation of ___________ and lakes Extinct volcanoes Benefits of Volcanoes Formation of ___________ and lakes Weathering of lava contributes to __________ soils Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash flow mountains Lava flow Mud flow Central vent Landslide Magma conduit fertile Figure 14.6: A volcano is created when magma in the partially molten asthenosphere rises in a plume through the lithosphere to erupt on the surface as lava (photo inset), which builds into a cone. Sometimes, internal pressure is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere or to flow over land, causing considerable damage. Some volcanoes that have erupted and then become inactive have formed islands or chains of islands. Solid lithosphere Magma reservoir Partially molten asthenosphere Upwelling magma Fig. 14-6b, p. 351

Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (1) Forces inside the earth’s mantle and near its surface push, __________, and deform rocks At some point, the stress can cause the rocks to suddenly ______________ or break The built up energy is released in the form of vibrations called ___________________, which move in all directions through the surrounding rock This internal geological process is called an ________________ stress shift seismic waves earthquake

Major Features and Effects of an Earthquake Focus – where an earthquake ________ underground Epicenter – located on the earth’s _________ directly above the focus Magnitude – measure of ground __________ Amplitude - _________ of the wave recorded on a seismograph starts surface Figure 14.7: An earthquake (left), one of nature’s most powerful events, has certain major features and effects. In 2010, a major 7.0 earthquake in Haiti (right) killed at least 72,000 people and devastated this already very poor country. motion 2010 - 7.0 Earth Quake in Haiti size Fig. 14-7, p. 351

Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Figure 14.7: An earthquake (left), one of nature’s most powerful events, has certain major features and effects. In 2010, a major 7.0 earthquake in Haiti (right) killed at least 72,000 people and devastated this already very poor country. Shock waves (seismic waves) Focus Epicenter Fig. 14-7a, p. 351

Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events (2) Richter _______________ scale Insignificant: <4.0 Minor: 4.0–4.9 Damaging: 5.0–5.9 Destructive: 6.0–6.9 Major: 7.0–7.9 Great: >8.0 Largest recorded earthquake: ________ in Chile in 1960 9.5

World Earthquake Risk Ring of Fire Ring of Fire Ring of Fire – high earthquake and volcanic activity Figure 17, Supplement 8

Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis Tsunami, tidal waves series of large waves generated when part of the ocean ______________ suddenly rises or drops In deep water, the waves are __________ apart and their crests are not high As the waves approach _________________ coastal water, they slow down and their height grows rapidly Detection of tsunamis ____________ in open ocean relayed to tsunami emergency warning centers Many areas ___________ detection buoys floor far shallow buoys lack

Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh India Myanmar Thailand Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height. Waves head inland causing damage in their path. Undersea thrust fault Upward wave Bangladesh India Myanmar Thailand Figure 14.8: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004. Sri Lanka Malaysia Earthquake Sumatra Indonesia December 26, 2004, tsunami Fig. 14-8, p. 352

Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before and after the December 2004 Tsunami Figure 14.9: In December 2004, a great earthquake with a magnitude of 9.15 on the seafloor of the Indian Ocean generated a tsunami that killed 168,000 people in Indonesia, as well as tens of thousands more in other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. These photos show the Banda Aceh Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia on June 23, 2004 before the tsunami (left), and on December 28, 2004 after it was stuck by the tsunami (right). Killed about _____________ people and devastated many coastal areas of Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, South India, and Eastern Africa In areas where mangrove forests had been ____________ the damage and death toll _________________ 228,000 destroyed increased Fig. 14-9, p. 353

Review Questions What are some of the environmental issues associated with gold mining? The zone of hot, partly melted rock that flows beneath the lithosphere is called the ___________________ Which type of fault is the San Andreas Fault? Land disruption, mining waste, toxic chemicals, slurry ponds asthenosphere A transform fault

Review Questions Earthquake and volcanic activity is high surrounding the Pacific Ocean; this area is commonly called the… Earthquakes on the ocean floor can cause huge waves called ___________________ Ring of Fire tsunamis