Distribution of methamphetamine and amphetamine in drug abusers’ head hair Sooyeun Lee, Eunyoung Han, Yonghoon Park, Hwakyung Choi, Heesun Chung Forensic Science International 2009 พ. ต. ต. ธนบูรณ์ ธัชศฤงคารสกุล รหัส ดร. ศิริรัตน์ ชูสกุลเกรียง อ. ที่ปรึกษา

The target In the current study hair results collected for last three years were evaluated using the same statistical manner. The MA and AP concentrations in hair were put into three groups and the metabolite-to- parent drug ratios of each group were examined. Furthermore, the concentration ranges proposed here were applied to the interpretation of five actual cases.

Comparisons of pubic, axillary, and head hair by AP and MA concentrations and the ratios of AP/MA Pubic hair (n = 41) Axillary hair The study of metabolite-to-parent drug ratios of metham- phetamine and methylenedioxymethamphetamine in hair Eunyoung Han *, Yonghoon Park, Wonkyung Yang, Jaesin Lee, Sooyeun Lee, Eunmi Kim, Miae Lim, Heesun Chung Pubic hair Axillary hairHead hair (n = 41)(n = 14) n = 2389 AP concentration (ng/mg) 0.14–8.35 (1.02) 0.22–6.58 (1.57) 0.13–13.39 (0.87) MA concentration (ng/mg) 0.91–64.78 (15.54) 1.76–55.50 (17.82) 0.51– (11.80) AP/MA ratio 0.02–0.29 (0.08) 0.06–0.16 (0.11) 0.004–1.16 (0.09) Age (years) 29–51 (39) 29–49 (39) 17–69 (37) The figures in parentheses denote the mean values.

Overview - Introduction - Drug abuse - Head hair structure - Method - Experiment - Sample preparation - GC/MS analysis - Results and discussion - Conclusion

Drug abuse - Methamphetamine (MA) -Molecular weight : g/mol -Melting point : ° C - Amphetamine (AP) -Molecular weight : g/mol -Melting point : ° C

Head hair structure -Hair is constituted by fibrous proteins - α-keratin (85-93%) - melanins - water (3-5%) - lipid (1-9%) - mineral compound ( %) The duration of stages growth may influence length of hair and density of a scalp. Hair growth varies between 0.7 and 3.6 cm/month, a mean of 1 cm/month is generally accepted.

Method Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)

Sample preparation washed hair samples cut and weighed accurately add in 1% HCl in methanol for 20 h at 38 ˚C add MA-d 5 and APd 5

evaporated at 45 ˚C under N 2 gas derivatized with 100 ml of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)/ethyl acetate (1:1) incubated at 65 ˚C for 15 min evaporated at 45 ˚C under N 2 gas reconstituted in ethanol gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)

GC/MS analysis GC condition - column: HP-5MS capillary column - injector temperature: 260 ◦C - column temperature: initial temperature 100 ◦C (1 min) increase to 270 ◦C at a rate of 20 ◦C/min to 270 ◦C (10 min) - detector: MS analyzer (SIM mode) ; MA, m/z 154, 118, 110,91 ; AP, m/z 140, 118, 91 ; MA-d 5, 158, 122 ; AP-d 5, 144, 122

MA and AP concentrations (ng/mg) in drug abusers’ head hair (no. of cases = 2070, no. of segments = 2355 ) MA AP Interpretation Cut-off Standard error Mean Minimum Percentile Median Percentile Maximum

Concentrations of AP, MA and the ratios of AP/MA of head hair A.Miki [9] MA user E. Han [5] MA user No. of case MA concentration (ng/mg) Mean (ng/mg) - Median (ng/mg) AP concentration (ng/mg) - Median (ng/mg) - Mean (ng/mg) – – T. Cairns [10] volunteer subjects from drug rehabilitation programs

MA and AP concentrations (ng/mg) in drug abusers’ head hair (no. of cases = 2070, no. of segments = 2355 ) MAAP Cut-off Standard error Mean Minimum Percentile Median Percentile Maximum Low range Medium range High range

Distribution of AP/MA ratios. mean median

Interpretation of MA and AP concentrations in drug abusers’ head hair. Subject Segment no. Hair length (cm) Concentrations (ng/mg) Interpretation MA AP A B C D E medium high low to medium low medium

Conclusion This evaluation was useful to provide the police with more understandable information on the presumed severity of drug use than quantitative values only. It could also facilitate the court’s decision regarding specific circumstances surrounding the drug-related crimes.

TFA derivatives of methamphetamine,amphetamine อธิบาย Derivatization : การเปลี่ยนหมู่ฟังก์ชันของสาร ในกรณีนี้เพื่อให้สารกลายเป็น ion ได้ง่าย