Class 26: Pius IX and Vatican I 10 April 2015 Dr. Ann Orlando

Introduction Romantic Movement Catholic Reactions Pius IX Vatican I

Romanticism What is driving Romanticism  Concern that liberalism inevitably leads to social chaos  Man is more than just reason; spiritual component What is Romanticism  Restoration of social order  Idealization of past  Renewed interest in Catholic traditions Important Romantic movements in England, America, Germany and France

French Romantic Movement Apologists for lost traditions that deChristianization of revolution had caused Usually ultamontanists Usually supported restoration of French monarchy

Francois Rene Vicomte de Chateuabriand ( ) As a result of Pius VII stance against Napoleon, Chateuabriand returned to Church from skepticism Wrote strong apology for Christianity, Genius of Christianity  Reflected on history and importance of Church in civilizing society  Emphasized the beauty of Christianity; impact on arts and sciences  Strong argument for a Christian culture

Felicite Robert de Lamennais ( ) Also a Romantic; also wrote apologies for Christianity Essay on Indifference (1817)  Three kinds of indifference: atheist, Deist, heretical Protestant  Key issue is epistemology  Lamennais relies on sensus communis (sense of the community) to attain to certain primal truths, innately known  After the Fall, God offers revelation as a way to reestablish sensus communis  Catholic Christianity existed in all religions in inchoate form (one God, prayer, worship, sacrifice, sin, forgiveness)  Catholicism is the one true religion Proof: Many intellectuals in French Church wanted Church to adapt to modern political and economic trends but Church did not Lamennais was an ultramontanists, but not a royalist  Pope essential to unity and perseverance of Catholic Christianity  Pope has a cultural role as preserver of faith; not one of pronouncing doctrine Opposed by Gallicans, Royalists, and economic liberals

L’Avinier Newspaper started by Lamennais in July 1830 to promote his views of a liberal Catholic program:  Liberty of conscience; separation of Church and State  Freedom of education and press  Universal suffrage  Decentralization of Government These points became part of Belgian Constitution (1831) Rome (Gregory XVI) does not support Lamennais Lamennais leaves the Church and joins radicals in revolution of 1848

Pope Gregory XVI ( ) After Pius VII dies (1823); succeeded by Leo XII ( ), Pius VIII ( ) and then Gregory XVI; Camaldolese friar Revolution of Italian nationalists broke out in Papal States 3 days after election In 1831 Five Powers of Congress of Vienna (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia, France) tried to coerce Gregory XVI into reforming Papal States Opposition to liberal trends in Catholicism: Mirari Vos and Singulari nos

Pius IX ( ) Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Convenes Vatican I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000

Pope Pius IX ( ) Pope Pius IX considered more liberal than Gregory XVI  Amnesty for political prisoners in Papal States  Started negotiations with some Italian political activists on a Federated Italy with Pope as head of State; Parliamentary system of Government  Significantly reduced censorship in Papal States  Jewish ghetto opened, Jews could worship anywhere in Rome

Wars and Revolutions of French Revolution of 1848 brings Louis Napoleon to power French, Austrian and Italian Republicans fight over unification of Italy Pope Pius IX forced to flee Rome in 1849; could not return until French captured Rome In 1850s Church is seen by many as bulwark of stability against rampant social unrest

Reaction of Pius IX Social, economic and political turmoil of ‘radical’ liberals causes Pius IX to rethink any accommodation toward liberalism Declaration of dogma Immaculate Conception in 1854 in Ineffabilis  Magisterium of Church mediated by Pope  This is how we know the Truth Syllabus of Errors 1864

Vatican I Pius IX announced intention to call a Council in 1864 just before publication of Syllabus of Errors Bull of Convocation was promulgated on Dec 8, 1868  Definition of Papal Infallibility  Hostile reaction in England, Germany, France First Session 8 Dec. 1869, Council ended in 1870  Council affirmed infallibility in First Dogmatic Constitution of Church of Christ (Session 4)  Franco-Prussian War of 1870; Council not officially closed

Reflections on Vatican I Epistemology  Major issues in early Enlightenment: how do we know  Vatican I says we know the faith because we can trust in Magisterium of Church; Pope is uniquely guarantor of what is in the Magisterium  Method of knowing the truth: Thomism; theological empiricism; most like a mathematical proof Society and Politics  Stability in religion and society critical  Church (Pope) provides that stability  The document is a Constitution

Three Types of Anti-Semitism 19 th C Religious  From Second Century onwards conflict between synagogue and Church Economic and Social  Middle class and wealthy Jews adept at moving and taking advantage of free market economies because of roots in banking business  Several intellectual leaders of radical social reforms and revolution to implement them were Jewish  Both of these lead to fear of Jews by non-Jewish middle class Cultural  Development of nations; what does it mean to be German or Italian or French?

Pius IX and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara Remember, Pius IX opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome In 1858 a Jewish boy who may have been Baptized by a family servant was ‘kidnapped’ by Catholic authorities in Bologna an placed in a monastery Pope Pius IX affirms this action and takes a special interest in the boy Fuels flames of Italian nationalism against Pope and Papal States International outrage over this incident also contributes to downfall of Papal states in 1870

What Happened to Edgardo? In his early teens, he was given the opportunity to return to his family and Judaism; he refused He joined Canon Regulars; ordained at age 21  Canon Regulars follow Augustine’s Rule  All are ordained (unlike monks)  Dedicated to service to Church, often in world Lived in Belgium He felt a special link to spirituality of Lourdes Died in 1940, just two months before the Nazis invaded Belgium

Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and Dreyfus Affair France lost the Franco Prussian War of 1870 in a disastrous series of battles;  Forced to relinquish Rhine valley, Alsace-Loraine to Prussia  Defeat created social and political tensions within France and the military: who was to blame  French military had been very open to Jewish officers In 1880s the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt, causing one of the first capitalist depressions in France  Owners of company were Jews Cries of ‘France for the French’ were raised  ‘Scientific’ definition and stereotyping of races Dreyfus arrest as a spy for Germans in 1890; convicted and spent 12 years on penal colony; exonerated in 1906

Timeline of Pius IX 1846: Elected Pope 1848: Revolutions of 1848, forced to flee Rome, returned by French 1854: Dogma of Immaculate Conception 1858: Lourdes and Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara 1864: Syllabus of Errors : Vatican I 1870: Franco-Prussian War 1878: Pope Pius IX dies 1985: Declared blessed along with John XXIII by Pope John Paul II

Assignments 1. Francois Viscount de Chateaubriand Genius of Christianity, Book I, pp (optional) 2. Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors, available at First Vatican Council, First Dogmatic Constitution on Church of Christ, available at