BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY JACKI BYRD, RN, BSN MONTGOMERY COUNTY ATC

Anatomy  Study of the body Physiology  Study of how the body functions

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Cells smallest unit of life Tissues groups of cells with similar functions Organs groups of tissues with similar functions Systems group of organs with similar functions

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION What does a group of systems make? A living organism or Human

QUESTION….. What is the largest organ of the human body?

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  The skin  Covers the whole body as a continuous layer  Complex combination of tissues  Largest organ of the body  3000 square inches  One square inch  20 blood vessels  78 nerves  78 sensors for heat  13 sensors for cold  1300 nerve endings  19, 500, 000 cells  ½ million cells dying and being replaced

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN  Protection  Barrier against microbes, dirt, chemicals; shock absorber  Water balance  Prevents loss of water and absorption  Temperature regulation  Blood vessels near surface vasodilate (get bigger) and vasoconstrict (get smaller)  Waste disposal  Excretion of oil, water, Na+, Co2  Receptor organs  Sensations of touch, pain, heat, cold, pressure  Vitamin D production  Uses UV rays from the sun to forma n initial molecule of Vit D….which then matures in the liver

LAYERS OF THE SKIN  Epidermis  Out layer  Complete regeneration in 35 days  Dermis  True skin  Strong, flexible  Framework of elastic connective tissue and blood vessels  fingerprints  Subcutaneous tissue  Innermost layer  Fatty tissue  Connects skin to underlying muscles

GLANDS OF THE SKIN  Ceruminous  Ear wax  Sudoriferous  Sweat glands  Basically odorless until it interacts with bacteria on the skin….then….body odor  Sweating (perspiration) removes excess water from the body and cools the body as the sweat evaporates  Sebaceous  Oil glands  Produce sebum, an oil that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle  When oil gland becomes plugged= pimples!

ACCESSORY ORGANS  Nails  Dead cells in the epidermis that are packed closely together  Hair  Root + hair shaft

SKIN COLOR  Pigments  Melanin  Only pigment made in the skin  Yellow to reddish brown to black  Racial differences—kind and amount of melanin made  Local accumulations—freckles, pigmented moles  Carotene  Yellow to orange  Obvious in palms and soles of feet

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Erythema: RED  Congestion of blood in vessels  Burns  Embarrassment  Fever  Hypertension  Inflammation  Allergy

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Pallor (blanching, pale)  Emotional stress  Anemia  Low blood pressure

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Jaundice  Liver disorder  Gallbladder disorder  Presence of bile in the blood  Diseases involving the destruction of RBC’s  What disease did we talk about that would cause jaundice?  Hep C

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Cyanosis  Insufficient oxygen in tissues  Who might we see this in?  Patients with respiratory diseases  Infants  Drowning victims

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Vitiligo  Loss of pigment in certain areas  What celebrity said he suffered from this disease?

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Albinism  Absence of pigment

ABNORMAL SKIN COLOR  Bruises (contusion)  Blood escapes the vessels and clots beneath the skin  Hematoma  Hemophelia  Anemia  Leukemia

SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS  Acne  Overactive secretion of sebaceous glands  Treatment  Thorough washing  Steroid creams  UV light treatment  Avoidance of certain foods  Chemical face peels  Dermabrasion

SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS  Eczema  Vesicles on reddened skin that burst and weep….then crusts  Treatment  Antihistamines  Steroids  Wet dressings  Starch baths  Tranquilizers  ***stress can aggravate condition

SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS  Urticaria  Hives…..allergy or emotional stress  Treatment  Steroids  antihistamines

SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS  Impetigo  Erythema, vesicles with sticky yellow crusts  Infection with staph or strep  VERY contagious  Treatment  Remove crusts  Apply antibiotic ointment

SKIN DISEASES AND DISORDERS  Decubitus Ulcers  Bed sores  Pressure  Decreased circulation to a specific area  High occurrence in long term care facilities

HEALTH CAREERS RELATED TO THE SKIN  Allergist  Dermatologist  Plastic surgeon

REVIEW The most basic unit of life is The cell

REVIEW The skin is made of three layers….what are they? Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue

REVIEW How does the skin provide protection? Barrier against microbes/bacteria Shock absorber

REVIEW What is the only pigment made in the skin? Melanin

REVIEW This is a collection of blood beneath the skin bruise