Cell Organelles © J Beauchemin 2006

Cell Organelles Organelle= “little organ” Found only inside eukaryotic cells All the gel like fluid between the organelles is cytosol Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm

Cell Membrane Protective covering of the cell Protective covering of the cell Made of a double layer of phospholipid molecules

Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains long DNA molecules wrapped up into a chromosome Surrounded by a phospholipid double membrane Has openings called pores

Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around the cell Made of 3 types of protein fibers of different thickness – filaments and microtubules filaments and microtubules

Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Found attached to ER or floating free in cytosol Produced by the nucleolus which is inside the nucleus That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?

Endoplasmic Reticulum A.k.a. “ER” Connects nucleus to cell membrane Transport hallways of the cell Rough ER: Has ribosomes; Has ribosomes; Makes proteins Makes proteins Smooth ER: NO ribosomes; NO ribosomes; Makes lipids Makes lipids

Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakes Stores, modifies and packages proteins Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by vesicles

Lysosomes Garbage disposal of the cell Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes/old cell parts “Suicide Sacs” for cell self- destruction Which organelles do lysosomes work with?

Mitochondria “Power plant” of the cell Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy from food molecules Bound by a phospholipid double membrane Has its own strand of DNA

Chloroplast Found only in photosynthesis cells like plant cells Contains the green pigmented (colored) molecule chlorophyll Site of food (glucose) production Bound by a phospholipid double membrane

Cell Wall Found in plant, protist and bacterial, fungi cells NOT on animal cells Rigid, protective barrier Located outside of the cell membrane Made of cellulose N0t a part of the living cell

Vacuoles Storage tanks for water, food, enzymes, wastes, pigments, etc. Large central vacuole in plant cells to store water Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?

Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in animal cells Made of microtubules Where else have we talked about microtubules?

Structures for Cell Movement Cilia Cilia Short microtubules Usually many on outside of cell membrane 2 Purposes (functions): - Move liquid past cell - Move liquid past cell - Move the whole cell - Move the whole cell Ex. Ciliated epithelium cells in lungs lungs Protist movement Protist movement Flagella Flagella Long whiplike microtubules One or few on outside of cell membrane Purpose: - Move the whole cell - Move the whole cell Ex. Sperm have flagella for movement Ex. Sperm have flagella for movement

Microtubules for Movement CiliaFlagella

Paramecium Do the WAAVVEE…………! Do the WAAVVEE…………!

Nucleolus Found inside the nucleus Location where ribosomes are made

Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell? Nucleus Which organelle holds the cell together? Cell membrane Which organelles are not found in animal cells? Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts Which organelle helps plant cells make food? Chloroplasts What does E.R. stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum