Javad Jamshidi Fasa University of Medical Sciences, October 2015 Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Organization

A eukaryotic cells, membrane-enclosed compartments Providing increased membrane area to host biochemical reactions Form enclosed compartments that are separate from the cytosol Vary in abundance from cell type to cell type. Occupy nearly half the volume of a cell 2

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Constitutes a little more than half the total volume of the cell The site of protein synthesis and degradation Performs most of the cell’s intermediary metabolism Transport metabolites from their site of production to where they are used 7

Contains the DNA and is the site of transcription of the DNA into messenger RNA Inner membrane that defines the nucleus itself, outer membrane that is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum 8

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The nuclear lamina, located on the nuclear side of the inner nuclear membrane, gives shape and stability to the nuclear envelope Composed of intermediate filaments, also regulates important cellular events Nuclear pore complexes (NPC) not only define the site of transport across the nuclear membranes but act as gatekeepers, 10

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Place for transcription of rRNAs and ribosome assembly 13

The largest internal membrane system, about half the total area of membrane in a eukaryotic cell The ER also produces most of the lipid for the rest of the cell and functions as a store for Ca2+ ions. Sends many of its proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids, no ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins that will be secreted out of a cell 14

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Consists of organized stacks of disclike compartments called Golgi cisternae Receives lipids and proteins from the ER and dispatches them to various destinations Modify proteins with sulfate, carbohydrate, lipid, and somehow address them Process of the secretory pathway, 16

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Generate most of the cell ATP Aerobic respiration, produce 15 times more ATP can occupy as much as 25 percent of the volume of the cytoplasm The number of mitochondria depends upon the metabolic requirements of that cell contain it’s own genomes 19

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About 50 different degradative enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, DNA, RNA, polysaccharides, and lipids defunct intracellular organelles Recycle materials Low ph=5, proton pomp, kind of protection More than 30 different human genetic diseases, which are called lysosomal storage diseases 25

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A vesicular compartment involved in the sorting and transport to lysosomes of material taken up by endocytosis. Provide an environment for material to be sorted before it reaches the degradative lysosome Comprise three different compartments: early endosomes, late endosomes, and recycling endosomes 28

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Are small vesicular compartments that contain enzymes used in various oxidation reactions Catalysis of proteins and lipids can make H 2 O 2 They contain catalase Are involved in the: Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids Branched chain fatty acids D-amino acids, and polyamines, Biosynthesis of plasmalogens 31

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Primary site of biological protein synthesis Read mRNA and attach amino acids Contain 2 parts Small ribosomal subunit which reads the RNA large subunit which joins amino acids 33

Prokaryotic 70s Eukaryotic 80s 34 50s 30s 16s RNA 23s + 5S RNAs 31 Proteins 21 Proteins 60s 40s 18s RNA 28s + 5.8s + 5s RNAs 46 Proteins 33 Proteins