The Physics of Light And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good:

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Presentation transcript:

The Physics of Light And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good:

Light - Introduction to Physical Optics Chapter 22: Reflection, Refraction, Snell’s Law, Dispersion and the Wave-Particle Debate Chapter 24: Interference, Diffraction and Polarization Chapter 25: Some applications to Biology and technology

What is Light? Basic Properties… rectilinear (straight-line) propagation finite speed (300 000 km/s) carries energy (E = hf) reflects and refracts can be broken into a spectrum

The Wave-Particle Debate Newton light consists of small “massy” particles or corpuscles that travel in straight lines, are subject to forces as one would expect of particles but also have additional vibratory properties that can be used to explain dispersion, color produced by oil slicks and so on. Huygens light propagates as a wave disturbance through the ether - an unseen, elastic medium pervading all of space. Light will add, cancel and share properties common to all waves.

Huygen’s Principle ... every point on a primary wavefront serves as the source of spherical secondary wavelets propagating in the forward direction such that the primary wavefront at some later time is the envelope of these wavelets. Further, the wavelets advance with a speed and frequency equal to the primary wave at each point in space. simulate this...

Explaining Reflection and Refraction Law of Reflection…. Newton… conservation of momentum and simple application of physics of forces Huygens… wave superposition and interference (applet) normal qi qr

Law of Refraction….Snell’s Law... Newton attractive forces Huygens wave interference qi qr

A curious twist... Both models correctly explain (“predict”) Snell’s Law … but … in so doing they make opposite ancillary predictions: Newton - light travels faster through dense medium Huygens - light travels slower through dense medium

General form for Snell’s Law and Total Internal Reflection In general… so ... n1 n2 n3

Total Internal Reflection ? n2 If a ray hits the surface at an angle steeper than the critical angle it will be reflected back into the original medium