Proposed by.. Ms. Autchara Poohngamnil Energy Field of Study A Towards Low Carbon Campus through Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation Measures Advisor: Prof. Sivanappan Kumar Proposed by.. Ms. Autchara Poohngamnil Energy Field of Study School of Environment, Resources and Development Asian Institute of Technology May, 2010

Outline Background of the study Statement of problem Objective, scopes and limitation of the study Overall methodology The study outcomes Conclusion and Recommendations

Background Building Sector World primary energy consumption is projected to increase by 57% in 2035 as compared to 2008 Building Sector 8 Gt of CO2eq (2009) Global GHG emissions contributed by sector (World Resource Institute, 2009) 15.6 Gt of CO2eq (2025)

Statement of problem Climate Change Issue Building Sector is one major contributor AIT has potential to mitigate the problem Previous study, 20% of energy is saved by energy conservation, lead to GHG emissions reduction Therefore, my study has focused on promoting AIT on a low carbon carbon campus through energy conservation and energy efficiency.

Objective of the study The primary objective of this study is to study options for low carbon campus, and suggest options for AIT to move towards low carbon campus The specific objectives of this study are as follows: To analyze carbon footprint due to major activities of at AIT 2. To analyze the energy consumption of AIT before implementation of energy efficiency measures 3. To identify options to reduce energy consumption, and implement these measures in selected areas 4. To give guideline recommendations for AIT on energy efficiency to become a low carbon campus

Scope and limitation Low carbon campus will be focused only from a theoretical point of view Only major emission sources will be considered for GHG emissions estimation The experimental study will focus on electricity consumption, especially, lighting system at selected areas

Selected Areas Outline on AIT Campus 7

Overall Methodology AIT towards to Low Carbon Campus Transportation Stationary Combustion Refrigerant Leakage Estimate carbon emissions Electricity Consumption Offset remaining emission Carbon emission reduction measures Waste Generation Renewable energy options Energy conservation and energy efficiency options Not considered in this study Biomass Energy auditing and analysis Solar thermal system, PV Implementing of selected energy efficiency options (including financial analysis) Electrify from wind energy Analysis of result after implementation Proposed policy guidelines for AIT towards low carbon campus

What are outcomes ? AIT Towards Low Carbon Campus AIT’s GHG Emissions HOW? AIT’s GHG Emissions HOW? What are outcomes ? Energy Efficient and Conservation achieved AIT Towards Low Carbon Campus 9

Data Surveys AIT’s Utility Office Measurement Electricity Recorded from related office Transportations Survey &Questionnaires Assumption IPCC MSW- Previous study report Waste Generation Wastewater- Previous study report Recorded from related office Stationary Combustion Survey &Questionnaires Recorded from related office Refrigerant Leakage 10 Survey &Questionnaires

AIT’s GHG Emissions by Major Sources Major emission sources GHG Emissions by the Scopes Scopes Major emission sources Emission (tCO2eq/yr) 1. Direct emission AIT’s vehicle fleets 285 Stationary combustions LPG used for cooking Fuel oil for boiler at AITCC 74 36 Refrigerant leakage 200 2. Indirect emission Electricity 7,488 3. Other Indirect emission Waste generation MSW Wastewater 1,262 280 Business travel Commuting of AIT people Shopping travel Travel of Visitor to AIT 1,221 3,607 250 192 Total 14,895 Total is 14,895 tCO2e/year 11

Implemented Options Technical measures Energy Save (%) Remove tube lights which are unnecessary 70 Replacing T8 lamps & magnetic ballasts with T5 lamps & electronic ballasts 30 Use of new efficient fixture to reduce number of lamps (2 to 1lamp) and increasing illumination level 50 Replacing T8 lamps & magnetic ballasts with CFL lamps 60 Use of pull switches Replacing CFLs with LEDs lamps 75 Use of indoor occupancy sensor for toilets 85 Use of outdoor occupancy sensor for corridor Use of indoor occupancy sensor for a workshop area 65 12

Awareness scheme (EEM) Energy saving and climate change tips Saving our earth by our own hands EEM lab energy saving Pasted the posters (size 90x120 cm)in EEM lab Monitored energy consumption reduction after pasting the posters about a week Show result of energy consumption reduction by cooperation of people by pasting energy reduction poster 13

Of user are aware Of user are not concern Always turn off Sometimes 96% Of user are aware Aware of climate change issue, energy efficiency and energy conservation 4% Of user are not concern 70% Always turn off Do people turn off the lights before leaving EEM lab? 30% Sometimes User Altitudes 80% Good as compared With previous system How people feel on illumination level of new system ? 30% Not concern 65% Often Do people use pull switches? 20% Sometimes 10% 14 Never

Overall electricity saving (based on measurement 15 Nov-09-31 Apr 10) Results at EEM lab Before (22 Sep-10 Otc'09) 20% Saving 30% Saving After (22 Otc'09-2 Nov’ 09) By technical measures Another 10% was achieved by Awareness Campaign Overall electricity saving (based on measurement 15 Nov-09-31 Apr 10) Comparison of load pattern in EEM lab before and after implementing energy efficiency and energy conservation (Based on measurement) 15

Total Saving 2007 Implementation+ My Implementation Total energy saved is about 118,036 kWh/year Total money saved is about 407,230 THB/year GHG emissions reduction is about 60 tCO2e/y * One full scholarship of a AIT’s master student is 752,000 Baht 2007 Implementation+ My Implementation Therefore, This can be one scholarship every 1.6 year for Master’ student (at AIT) Or about 30 credits coursework Or about 9 year for accommodation expenses (at AIT) 16

Conclusion AIT’s GHG emissions GHG emission by Electricity consumption is about 7,488 tCO2e/year (50%) Transportation is about 3,607 tCO2e/year (37%). Waste generation is about 1,542 tCO2e/year (11%), Refrigerant leakage (1%), and stationary combustions (1%) with total Total amount of GHG emissions is about 14,895 tCO2eq/year. The average GHG emission of AIT is 4.3 tCO2eq/capita. 30% of electricity can be saved through Energy efficiency and conservation The overall electricity saving is about 118,036 kWh/year Money saved is about 407,230 baht/year (based on calculation). The payback period is about one year GHG emissions is about 73,654 kgCO2e/year. Policy measures are important to move towards Low Carbon Campus Energy Saving Lead to GHG emissions Reduction 17

Recommendations Carbon footprint estimation, a good system for recording activities data, Carbon footprint number and its effects should be focused AIT should have energy monitoring equipments system such as power meters for each sub areas Awareness campaign on low carbon campus should be conducted regularly for all of people in campus Reducing GHG emission through other ways such as in transportation, waste generation and renewable energy that is available in campus should be studied in depth for achieving more GHG emissions reduction. 18

…THANK YOU… 19

The share of GHG emissions by electricity usage AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources : Electricity Consumption Total is 7,488 tCO2e/yr (2008) 2005 2006 2007 2008 Yearly GHG emissions by electricity usage The share of GHG emissions by electricity usage on average Nov and Dec 2008 20

GHG emissions AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Municipal Solid Waste Monthly CO2 emission by solid waste generation (2008) The share of MSW’s GHG emissions by main section of AIT 21

GHG emissions GHG AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources :Wastewater Details Number Source Average wastewater m3/day 1,122 EEM, AIT COD (kg COD/m3) 0.21 Operating days 365 Based on AIT campus Total COD (kg COD/year) 86001 Calculated B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) IPCC default value MCF 0.738 Methane emission/year (tCH4) 13 Total GHG emissions (tCO2e) 280 22

GHG emissions AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Transportation Total is 1,221 tCO2e/yr Total is 5,555 tCO2e/yr Total is 3,607 tCO2e/yr 23

GHG emissions AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources :Cooking 24

GHG emissions AIT's Major GHG Emissions Sources: Refrigerant Leakage Total is 200 tCO2eq/yr 25

AIT and other universities GHG emissions per capita 26

Share of Electricity Consumption Total 245 MWh/month Total 1,023 MWh/month by Schools Total 110 MWh/month Share of Electricity consumption at AIT By SERD Buildings 27

Electricity load of the South academic building Weekday load pattern of the South Academic Building (based on measurement during 4 May-30 September, 2009) Weekend load pattern of the South Academic Building 28

Comparison of electricity load for 1A(EEM) and 2A areas Load pattern of 1A and 2A areas in the South Academic Building for weekday Load pattern of 1A and 2A areas in the South Academic Building for weekend (Based on measurement during 15 Sep-15 Oct 2009) 29

Results at EEM lab Overall electricity saving after awareness scheme Comparison of load pattern in EEM lab before and after campaigning (Based on measurement) Comparison of electricity consumption in EEM lab before and after campaigning (Based on measurement) 30

Results at EEM lab Before (W115) 31 After (W115)

Corridor lighting After Before After 32 Before

Rest room lighting Thank Schneider Picture before and after implementing energy efficiency option at restroom Occupancy Sensor CFL Before Thank Schneider 33 After

Energy Building Energy Building (Corridor) Electricity Saved is 1,073 kWh/yr Replacing CFL lamps with LEDs at corridor Comparison of load before and after implementation Money Saved is 3,699 THB/yr 75% Saving CFL LED (Based on measurement) Power Saving Initial investment (Baht) Payback (Year) CFL (W) LED Load (kW) Energy (kWh) Annual energy saving Annual money saving 13.6 3.4 10.2 0.224 89.35 303.79 230 0.75 34

Efficient technologies donated by Schneider Thank Schneider Operation of occupancy sensor for a rest room Operation of movement sensor for a corridor Power Meter 35

Poster 36

Poster 37

Poster 38

Poster 39

1. To analyze carbon footprint due to major activities at AIT Identify major GHG emission Sources, and group them into “scopes” Data collection, and set baseline year Followed big universities, IPCC GHG emissions estimation (IPCC) GHG emission reduction plan Implementing reduction options Highlight Policy from Other Universities Proposed policy guideline recommendations

Identify the major share of consumer 2. To analyze the energy consumption of AIT before implementation of energy efficiency measures Analysis AIT electricity consumption and bill Identify the major share of consumer AIT electricity consumption by school level and its share Focused high school consumer, and choose the building for implementation Detailed analysis electricity consumption for selected building Selected specific areas for implementation

3. To identify options to reduce energy consumption and implement these measures in selected areas Identify energy reduction options Thai local market, literature review Financial analysis (simple payback method) Select, and implemented selected options Analysis results after implementation (energy and GHG emissions reduction)

4. To give guideline recommendations for AIT campus on energy efficiency to become a low carbon campus Study highlight policies from other institutes Apply and recommend good policies for AIT Highlight Policy from Other Universities Identify measures to achieve the polices objective Conclusions

CH4 emission = MSWT x MSWF x MCF x DOC x DOCF x F x 16/12 Where: MSWT = Amount of MSW in kg/year MSWF = Percentage of Solid waste which is disposed to landfills (%) MCF = Correction factor DOC = Degradable organic carbon (default value is 0.3) DOCF = Fraction DOC dissimilated to landfill gas (default value is 0.77) F = Fraction of CH4 in landfill gas (default value is 0.5) (Source: IPCC, 2006) Type of landfills Default value of MCF Managed landfills 1.0 No-managed and deep landfill (>5 m) 0.8 No-managed and deep landfill (<5 m) 0.4 No-classified MSW landfills 0.6

CH4 emission (kg/year) = Total COD (kg COD/year) X Wastewater CH4 emission (kg/year) = Total COD (kg COD/year) X B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) x MCF Where; Total COD (kg COD/year) = Wastewater Volume (m3/day) x COD x Operating day COD (kg COD/m3) of wastewater will be collected from previous study of EEM student Operating day is assumed to be 365 days B0 (kg CH4/kg COD) is The maximum methane producing capacity= 0.21 (Default value from IPCC, 2006) MCF is methane conversion factor = 0.738 for conventional anaerobic digestion wastewater system (Default value from IPCC, 2006) Then, convert to CO2eq by using global potential of methane (21). CO2eq emission (kg/year) = CH4 emission (kg/year) x GWP