Water

Vibration Spectrum of Water

Water The Water Molecule The occupied molecular orbitals (as electron probability distributions of the isolated molecule) were calculated using the Restricted Hartree-Fock wave function (RHF) using the 6-31G** basis set. They are set out with the lowest energy (most negative) molecular orbitals at the top. The calculated energies are -559 ev, -37 ev, -19 ev, - 15 ev and -14 ev. It can be seen that the three highest energy orbitals are orthogonal around the oxygen atom, with two lowest energy orbitals (1s 2 and mostly 2s 2 ) approximately spherical (at the top). There are no obvious sp 3 hybridization characteristics. The highest energy orbital (1b 1 ) is predominantly p z 2 in character and mainly contributes to the “lone pair” effects. These orbitals are appreciably changed in ice and water, with the 3a 1 orbital being shown experimentally to contribute most to hydrogen bonding sbu.ac.uk/water/h2oorb.html

Water Water Dimmers When two molecules come close to each other, hydrogen bonding holds them into a dimer, which may have one or two H-bonds, or converting from one to the other.

Water Water Dimmer

Water Ice at Atmospheric pressure At 1 atm, solid water is called ice I. There are two types: hexagonal Ih and cubic Ic. Hydrogen bonding features crystal structures of ice.

Water Hexagonal Ice I h

Water Phase Diagram for H 2 O

Water Amorphous solid H 2 O

Water Phase diagrams of water  Phase diagram for junior scientists and  phase diagram including extreme conditions – very high pressure, at which other forms of ice are present.

Water Absorption coefficient of Liquid Water Why is water blue?

Water Dissolving HCl in Water The interaction of HCl molecule and water molecules is depicted here in a 2-dimensional, and let your imagination bring you the picture in 3- D please.