1 The Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries Gladys Mutangadura Senior Economic Affairs Officer UN-OHRLLS UN-OHRLLS

2 The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs  The Outcome of UN LLDC II Conference, held 3-5 November 2014, in Vienna Austria  Inputs received from member States through National Reports and Regional Consultations  Focuses on efficient transit and transport systems, structural transformation, competitiveness, trade, regional cooperation.  Seeks to reduce poverty, build resilience, address inequality.  Aims to transform Landlocked countries to Land-linked economies “ The Overarching Goal of VPoA is to address the special development challenges of LLDCs arising from landlockedness, remoteness and geographical constraints in coherent manner…to contribute to sustainable and inclusive growth”

 A holistic, action-oriented Programme of action to be implemented 2014 to 2024  21 specific objectives  Actions: 23 for LLDCs; 9 for transit countries; 25 joint actions for LLDCs and transit countries; 30 for Partners.  Based on renewed, strengthened partnerships involving LLDCs, transit countries, development partners, Private sector, international, multilateral and regional organizations, UN system 3 The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

The UN Office for Partnerships VPoA Partners UN System, Int, Reg, and Nat Organizations,UN System, Int, Reg, and Nat Organizations, Development PartnersDevelopment Partners Transit CountriesTransit Countries LLDCsLLDCs Economic Isolation Landlockedne ss and Remoteness Low Productivity, Over Reliance on Commodities High Incidence of Poverty Other partners eg. Private sector

5 Millennium Development Goals Specific Goals and Objectives 1.For unfettered, efficient and cost-effective access to the sea; freedom of transit, and in accordance with international law 2.To reduce transit costs and delays through, e.g. simple and standard rules and regulations. 3.Develop, upgrade and maintain transit transport infrastructure networks, fix missing links. 4.Implement legal instruments; strengthen regional integration; 5.Promote global trade, structural transformation [enhanced productive capacities, value addition, diversification]; 6.Strengthen international support to LLDCs The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

Six Priority Areas 1. Fundamental Transit Policy Issues 2. Infrastructure Development and Maintenance Transport InfrastructureEnergy and ICT Infrastructure 3. International trade and trade facilitation International Trade Trade Facilitation 4. Regional Integration and Cooperation 5. Structural Economic Transformation 6. Means of Implementation 6 The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

7 Millennium Development Goals Priority 1: Transit Policy Issues  Free, faster movement of goods along corridors, border points and ports. Address intermodal connectivity and efficiency  Harmonize, simplify, standardize rules, regulations documents.  Specific objectives:  (a) To reduce travel time along corridors, with the aim of allowing transit cargo to move a distance of 300 to 400 kilometres every 24 hours;  (b) To significantly reduce the time spent at land borders;  (c) To significantly improve intermodal connectivity The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

8 Millennium Development Goals Priority 1: Transit Policy Issues Actions  LLDCs & Transit countries to ratify and implement Conventions, and bilateral, subregional and regional agreements  Coordinate border + customs controls, remove roadblocks, exchange data, National multi-stakeholder mechanisms  Partners to support efforts above actions; encourage organizations to provide technical and financial aid. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

9 Millennium Development Goals Priority 2: Infrastructure Development & Maintenance  Focuses on transit transport infrastructure, information and communications technology and energy infrastructure  Aims to cut transaction cost, improve competitiveness and promote integration in global market  Has two parts (a) Transport infrastructure, (b) Energy and information and communications technology infrastructure The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

10 Millennium Development Goals Priority 2 (a): Infrastructure Development & Maintenance  To improve quality and quantity of roads, rail and port facilities, complete missing links  Specific objectives: (a)To significantly increase the quality of roads, including increasing the share of paved roads, by nationally appropriate standards; (b)To expand and upgrade the railway infrastructure in landlocked developing countries, where applicable; (c)To complete missing links in the regional road and railway transit transport networks. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

11 Millennium Development Goals Priority 2 (a): Infrastructure Development & Maintenance  Actions  LLDCs, transit countries to develop national policies, transit corridors & ancillary facilities, border-crossing mechanisms, dry ports, inland container depots, and logistic hubs.  Promote PPPs, harmonize rail gauges, improve capacities, training, railway staff exchanges; liberalized and permit-free transit road transport  Partners to support above efforts, share experiences, mobilize finances and private sector support The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

12 Millennium Development Goals Priority 2 (b): Energy and ICT Infrastructure  Relates to Energy and ICTs, including broadband policy, digital divide and internet  Specific objectives: (a) To expand and upgrade, as appropriate, infrastructure for supply, transmission and distribution of modern and renewable energy services in rural and urban areas; (b) All landlocked developing countries should make broadband policy universal; (c) To promote open and affordable access to the Internet for all; (d) Landlocked developing countries should actively engage to address the digital divide. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

13 Millennium Development Goals Priority 2 (b): Energy and ICT Infrastructure  Actions  LLDCs to prioritize energy production, trade and distribution, energy policy, harmonize legal and regulatory frameworks, promote digital bridges, internet access, connect to undersea cables etc  Partners to support efforts in energy, and ICT, broadband and related policy, undertake capacity-building The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

14 Millennium Development Goals Priority 3: International Trade and Trade Facilitation  Aims to boost LLDCs global trade, export volume, value addition, manufactured exports, diversification of products and markets  Possible if transit costs and delays reduced; productivity and competitiveness boosted; greater participation in multilateral trading system; Boost global value chains, services sector  South-south trade crucial; 2013 Trade Facilitation Agreement of the WTO  Two sub priorities (a) International Trade, (b) Trade Facilitation. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

15 Millennium Development Goals Priority 3 (a): International Trade Specific objectives: (a)To significantly increase the participation of LLDCs in global trade, with a focus on substantially increasing exports; (b)To significantly increase the value added and manufactured component, and substantially diversifying their markets and products; (c)To further strengthen economic and financial ties between LLDCs and other countries in the same region so as to gradually and consistently increase the LLDCs’ share in intraregional trade; (d)To invite Member States to consider the specific needs and challenges of LLDCs in all international trade negotiations. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

16 Millennium Development Goals Priority 3 (a): International Trade  Actions  LLDC to develop trade strategy based on comparative advantages and opportunities; integrate trade policies in development strategies; focus on GVC and SMEs; other appropriate policies.  Transit countries to invest in LLDCs’ productive and trading capacities; grant access to their products; improve logistical efficiencies.  Partners to support actions related to trade; address non-tariff measures; technology transfer; technical assistance and capacity building, and aid-for-trade. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

17 Millennium Development Goals Priority 3 (b): Trade Facilitation  Relates to non-physical barriers, delays, inefficiencies at borders, ports i.e. customs procedures, documentation, logistic, weak institutions and human capacities Specific objectives: (a)To significantly simplify and streamline border crossing procedures with the aim of reducing port and border delays; (b)To improve transit facilities and their efficiency with the aim of reducing transaction costs; (c)To ensure that all transit regulations, formalities and procedures for traffic in transit are published and updated in accordance with the Agreement on Trade Facilitation of the World Trade Organization. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

18 Millennium Development Goals Priority 3 (b): Trade Facilitation  LLDCs & Transit countries to establish national Trade Facilitation committees, and other TF measures; port and border transparency  Partners to support Trade Facilitation activities, share best practices, build capacity building, provide technical assistance, aid-for-trade The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

19 Millennium Development Goals Priority 4: Regional Integration and Cooperation  For connectivity in transport, energy, ICT, R&D, reduces costs and delays; Boosts trade, industrial development, harmonized regulatory policies, border and customs procedures  LLDCs to strengthen regional networks i.e. trade, transport, energy, ICT etc; develop relevant policies, participate in regional frameworks  Transit countries to invest in regional connectivity infrastructure, policies, Agreements, and TF initiatives;  Partners to support integration efforts, regional infrastructure development, best practices and capacity development. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

20 Millennium Development Goals Priority 5: Structural Economic Transformation  Deals with diversification, productivity, SMEs, external shocks, Science, Technology and Innovation, the Service Sector, Tourism, Manufacturing, agriculture, Global Value Chains, etc  Specific objectives: (a)To increase value addition in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors, (b)To increase economic and export diversification; (c)To promote service-based growth, including from tourism (d)To encourage the inflow of foreign direct investment in high-value added sectors. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

21 Millennium Development Goals Priority 5: Structural Economic Transformation  Actions  LLDCs need policies and strategies; use technology; industrial clusters, EPZs, SMEs growth; ratify International Think Tank  Partners to support efforts, financial and technology transfer, capacity development, share best practices; resilience building. The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

22 Millennium Development Goals Priority 6: Means of Implementation  Needs domestic and external, public and private resources; philanthropy  Support from South-South; and North-South; International Organizations, UN System  ODA, FDI, Aid-for-Trade, Remittances; Technology transfer, technical-know how; Capacity-building, and policy-making; Legal instruments, Doha Round of Negotiations,  International Think Tank for LLDCs The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

23 The UN Office for Partnerships International Organization to…  International Organizations, Regional Development Banks, World Bank, IMF, WTO, UN systems i.e. UNDP, UNCTAD, UN- OHRLLS, Regional Economic Commissions are to mainstream VPoA  To support country, regional, global mainstreaming, implementation, monitoring and review  Provide national, regional-level capacity development.  Build national capacity for large-scale infrastructure projects, financing mechanisms, PPPs The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

24 The UN Office for Partnerships  “At the national level, Governments are invited to mainstream the present Programme of Action into their national, and sectorial development strategies for its effective implementation” VPoA Paragraph 74  “Regional and sub-regional organizations including RECs, development banks, are to mainstream the implementation of VPoA into their relevant Programmes...” VPoA Paragraph 75  “...Organizations in the UN systems are invited to mainstream the implementation of VPoA into their programme of work...” VPoA Paragraph 76 The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

25 The UN Office for Partnerships UN-OHRLLS to…  Ensure implementation, coordinated follow-up, monitoring and reporting  Coordinate national, regional and global review, along with needed advocacy measures  To develop indicators for measuring progress, in collaboration with other stakeholders The Vienna Programme of Action for LLDCs

26 The UN Office for Partnerships Thank You