Executive Example National Hero King liked figure and War Hero Set many precedents for future leaders Untested Constitution and a Constitution that needed to be developed/edited Developed Cabinet Group of Advisors who were the heads of the Executive Departments (at this point there were 4) Defined appointment powers Appointed Cabinet and Judges Expanded foreign affairs powers Secretary of State (Jefferson) Issues Proclamation of Neutrality Became legislative leader - was looked to for leadership

1 st Congress Bill of Rights ratified 1 st 10 Amendments Included so that Anti-Feds/Dem. Repub. Support Constitution Passed Judiciary Act 1789 Supreme Court was established and had 6 justices appointed by President Created the lower district courts and circuit court of appeals John Jay was appointed as the 1 st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Financial Debate Nation had large war debt Alexander Hamilton’s plan Pay all debts: to unify America and show the world that were trustworthy National bank system: to regulate and collect Proposed high tariffs and taxes to generate revenue Debate over power to create a national bank Southerners didn’t want to pay Northern debt Implied Powers Loose vs. Strict Constructionists “Necessary and Proper” Clause

Political Affairs British harassment in the west Kept Forts in Canada and pressed Am. with encouraging/helping Native American resistence French Revolution in 1789 Initially Am. supported Causes division with Feds and Dem.Rep. British and French at war Am. relied on trade with Britain but supported the French in their revolution as they had supported Am. U.S. neutrality Issued by Washington to prevent American unity from crumbling

Political Affairs Whiskey Rebellion Taxes by new government angered Pennsylvania farmers and they attacked tax collectors Hamilton commanded 12,000 militia to put down rebellion Jay’s Treaty (BRITAIN) British test Am. Neutrality and attack merchant ships British gave up Forts in N. Am. And we paid the debt from the war back Hamilton supported and Jefferson didn’t Pickney’s Treaty (SPAIN) Trade agreement to use the Mississippi and New Orleans to continue trade Organized the settlement of the West at this point and thus brought revenue in for the government (selling western lands)

Washington’s Warning Served 2 terms but refused another Set precedent of serving 2 terms Wanted to demonstrate the ideals of Am. Democracy Political fighting had already begun Farewell Warnings No political parties (cause division in a weak new nation) No involvement in foreign affairs (“entangling alliances” Religion and morality necessary for orderly government

Parties Develop Hamilton and Jefferson had opposing views of government Whiskey Rebellion, National Bank, Jay’s Treaty, Pickney Treaty Federalists – led by Hamilton supported strong national government Democratic-Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison supported limited role of government

Adams is Elected 1796 election – narrow victory Adams elected President (Federalist) Jefferson elected VP (Dem.Rep) They were from different political parties Constitution said 2 nd place in election meant VP creating a Presidency where the two Executives were from different parties This problem was fixed by the 12 th Amendment President and Vice-President run on the same ticket

XYZ Affair Neutrality strained relations with France and Britain France began to impress U.S. merchants and ships U.S. sends ambassadors to France to patch relations Bribes were demanded by the French Code names of French officials were X,Y,Z and they demanded bribes in order to restore relations U.S. was outraged as story emerged American began to not support the French and the Dem.Rep Nearly leads to war U.S. arms merchant ships Political Parties oppose each other Federalists align with British Dem-Republicans align with French

Alien and Sedition Acts Sedition Act: Federalists passed laws to limit criticism of government by those sensitive to the French (Dem- Republicans) and restrict citizenship rights Alien Act: limited freedom of speech and allowed deportation of unpopular aliens Silence opposing political parties Kentucky and Virginia Issued resolutions to declare the laws unconstitutional Written by Jefferson and Madison States could nullify laws of Federal government they felt unjust

Election of 1800 Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied for President Both are Democratic-Republican Constitution called for the House of Representatives to decide the tie Tie is eventually broken in Jefferson’s favor Hamilton convinces Federalists to support Jefferson Future problems avoided with 12 th Amendment Electors vote on the President and Vice-President separately in electoral college 1 st peaceful transfer of power from one party to another in modern government Federalists to Dem-Rep. Transfer was in White house and in Congress Last time the Federalists had National power Laissez-faire gov’t: cut taxes and cut gov’t bureacracy; national debt is cut in ½ “REVOLUTION OF REPUBLICANISM”

Judicial Review Midnight Judges appointed by Adams Attempt by Adams to keep Federalist influence in government Jefferson refused to recognize judges Judges were appoint as Adams was leaving the White House and the letters are not delivered Marbury vs. Madison Established the principle of Judicial Review John Marshall is Chief Justice of Supreme Court Political enemy of Jefferson 35 years as Chief Justice and 1,000 cases Case declares parts of Judiciary Act unconstitutional Supremacy Clause is protected with the Federal over the States Establishes the principle of Judicial Review Court can declare laws to be unconstitutional Implied powers Used more for state laws than federal

Western Expansion Louisiana Purchase (1803) Mississippi to Rockies Trying to avoid war with France Napoleon agrees as he needs the money to fight war Lewis and Clark Expedition (1809) Explore, inform, discover, map the territories and their lands Sacajowea Helps/leads the expedition due to her knowledge of the territory and her language ability Indian Conflicts Encouraged by the British Unfair treaties : Indians signed over land but were forced to and did not understand what they were signing Tecumseh’s League: union of Native Americans to forcefully resist American expansion Battle of Tippecanoe: led by William Harrison and was a surprise attack in the village and it was burned

Foreign Affairs US Neutrality between Britain and France??? Needed trade with both sides Making money (59 million one year) Trading primarily with France (reexporting) British began impressment of sailors (6,000 by 1809) Loosing markets to the US Needed sailors for navy to fight Napoleon Jefferson gets Embargo Act passed to cut off trade with Britain. Hurts U.S. business more than Britain No navy but didn’t want to be seen as weak Lifted in a year and admitted it didn’t work War Hawks emerge Farmers and settlers in the South and West who supported a war with Britain Possibility of gaining additional lands – Canada and Florida Revenge for British helping Indians British did not play into War Hawks’ plan