Research Methodology The economy of a country is controlled by several factors The economy of a country is controlled by several factors POPULATION SIZE EDUCATION SYSTEM culture POLICIES OF THE GOVENMENT AGREECULTURE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY INFRASTR UCTURE FACILITTIES

Research Methodology People of a country engage in various activities as services housing textile industries etc. Each of these industries is backed by various other industries People of a country engage in various activities as services housing textile industries etc. Each of these industries is backed by various other industries A textile industry is supported by machine tools, chemical and agricultural industry A textile industry is supported by machine tools, chemical and agricultural industry Policies and guidance of government facilitate the integration, coordination and control of all the activities of the nation with the objective of maximizing the growth of the nation Policies and guidance of government facilitate the integration, coordination and control of all the activities of the nation with the objective of maximizing the growth of the nation

Productivity of a business = Productivity of a business = output output Input Input That is Annual revenue Annual cost Annual cost

Case of the tooth paste Taking the example of a toothpaste the main factors which affect the demand of this toothpaste are Taking the example of a toothpaste the main factors which affect the demand of this toothpaste are Ingredients of the tooth paste Taste of the tooth paste Taste of the tooth paste Selling price per unit Selling price per unit

Size of the population Size of the population Income level of the people Income level of the people Number of competing brands Number of competing brands Location of the customer Location of the customer The objective of the companies producing these toothpastes is to identify the optimal level of production of each toothpaste by taking the above factors into account such that profit is maximised The objective of the companies producing these toothpastes is to identify the optimal level of production of each toothpaste by taking the above factors into account such that profit is maximised The company can achieve these objectives through research and development activities The company can achieve these objectives through research and development activities

If we carefully examine the factors affecting the sale of the toothpaste we can distinguish these factors into quantitative and qualitative factors One has to develop a suitable modal using the data of these factors augmented with detailed survey. If we carefully examine the factors affecting the sale of the toothpaste we can distinguish these factors into quantitative and qualitative factors One has to develop a suitable modal using the data of these factors augmented with detailed survey. This is an example of a research study to improve the productivity of an organisation This is an example of a research study to improve the productivity of an organisation

Research --- A detailed study is required in practice situation for better result Any effort which is directed to such study for better results is known as research Research --- A detailed study is required in practice situation for better result Any effort which is directed to such study for better results is known as research Research is an organized set of activities to study and develop a model of procedure technique to find the result of a realistic problem supported by literature and data such that its objectives are maximised Research is an organized set of activities to study and develop a model of procedure technique to find the result of a realistic problem supported by literature and data such that its objectives are maximised

Research Methodology Research Methodology A system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the result of a research problem is called research methodology A system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the result of a research problem is called research methodology

Mathematical tools for analysis Following are the mathematical tools to study a research problems Following are the mathematical tools to study a research problems Statistical Techniques Statistical Techniques Methods to find central tendency( mean, median, mode)‏ Methods to find central tendency( mean, median, mode)‏ Methods to find measures of dispersions variance, coefficient of variance,coefficient of skewness, standard divinations etc Methods to find measures of dispersions variance, coefficient of variance,coefficient of skewness, standard divinations etc

Statistical Techniques Statistical Techniques Forecasting methods Forecasting methods Factorial design Factorial design Sampling method Sampling method Test of hypothesis Test of hypothesis Factor analysis Factor analysis Discriminant analysis Discriminant analysis Conjoint analysis Conjoint analysis

Operations Research Models Linear Programming Linear Programming Integer Programming Integer Programming Project management Project management Inventory control Inventory control Simulation Simulation Non linear Programming Non linear Programming

To cope with the challenges introduced by the dynamism of the evolving real life business systems and practices a continues research should be carried out to establish modified techniques or newer techniques

Some Examples………. To use research to modify existing techniques To use research to modify existing techniques Modifying existing transportation techniques For better accuracy of results To use research develop a newer technique Model for media mix of a multinational company

Research Problems in Management Marketing Marketing Product identification Demand estimation Demand- Supply analysis Product development Market segmentation Media mix

Sales Promotion programme Sales Promotion programme Product Launching Product Launching Design of distribution channel Design of distribution channel Pricing Pricing Marketing strategy formation Marketing strategy formation Product differentiation and product positioning Product differentiation and product positioning

Packaging Packaging Design of advertisement Design of advertisement Planning sales force Planning sales force Buying behaviour Buying behaviour

Research Problems in Management Production Forecasting Forecasting Capacity planning Capacity planning Plant location Plant location Plant layout Plant layout Line balancing Line balancing Inventory control Inventory control

Aggregate planning Aggregate planning Master plan scheduling Master plan scheduling Materials requirement planning Materials requirement planning Project management Project management Maintenance management Maintenance management Quality control Quality control

Work design Work design Modern system design Modern system design Like jit, computer integrated management, flexible manufacturing,agile manufacturing etc

Finance Models for breakeven analysis Models for breakeven analysis Ratio analysis Ratio analysis Portfolio management Portfolio management Balance of payment Balance of payment Inflation Inflation Deflation Deflation Economic growth models Economic growth models

Human Resource Human Resource Manpower planning Manpower planning Performance appraisal system Performance appraisal system Conflict management Conflict management Organizational climates Organizational climates Training methods Training methods