The Industrial Revolution What is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods- transformed how people did workWhat is it? The increased output of the machine-made goods- transformed how people did work When/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’sWhen/Where: It began in England in the mid-1700’s Soon spread to Continental Europe and North America-Made possible by the Agricultural RevolutionSoon spread to Continental Europe and North America-Made possible by the Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution Wealthy landowners bought up small farms- Enclosure MovementWealthy landowners bought up small farms- Enclosure Movement This enabled:This enabled: Forced small land owners off their farms and they moved to the citiesForced small land owners off their farms and they moved to the cities Experimented with new agricultural processesExperimented with new agricultural processes Jethro Tull-seed drillJethro Tull-seed drill Charles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 cropCharles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 crop Robert Bakewell-Selective breedingRobert Bakewell-Selective breeding Results in increase food production- increased populationResults in increase food production- increased population

“ Enclosed ” Lands Today

Factors of Production Land, Labor and WealthLand, Labor and Wealth Land-(Natural resources)- source of power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportationLand-(Natural resources)- source of power, mineral resources-coal, iron ore, river and ports for transportation Labor- (Human Resources) population increases from agricultural production, people in citiesLabor- (Human Resources) population increases from agricultural production, people in cities Wealth-(Capital)Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding economyWealth-(Capital)Highly developed banking, gave loans, expanding economy

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Invention- Technological Advances Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen)Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen) Each new invention leads to anotherEach new invention leads to another All designed to make cloth more quicklyAll designed to make cloth more quickly Eventually hand labor replaced by power- first water then steamEventually hand labor replaced by power- first water then steam

John Kay ’ s “ Flying Shuttle ”

Spinning Jenny James Hargraves

Richard Arkwright: “ Pioneer of the Factory System ” The “Water Frame”

Spinning mule Samuel Crompton

Edmund Cartwright Power Loom

Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin & Interchangeable Parts

Improvements in Transportation Steam Engine- James WattSteam Engine- James Watt Steam Boat- Robert Fulton- The ClermontSteam Boat- Robert Fulton- The Clermont First- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quicklyFirst- very clumsy and expensive to operate- but improved quickly Entrepreneur- Person who organizes takes on the risk of businessEntrepreneur- Person who organizes takes on the risk of business John McAdam- “paved roads”John McAdam- “paved roads”

Railroads After Railroads were the keyAfter Railroads were the key George Stephenson-Rocket- 24 mphGeorge Stephenson-Rocket- 24 mph Made transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factoriesMade transportation cheaper and faster, created new jobs increased demand for coal and iron, people more mobile, moved to cities, growth of factories

James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

British Pig Iron Production

Textile Factory Workers in England looms 150, 000 workers , 000 looms 200, 000 workers , 000 looms>1 million workers

The Impact of the Railroad

Industrialization Section 2 Mixed Blessing- improved many aspects of life, but caused many problemsMixed Blessing- improved many aspects of life, but caused many problems Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobs, etc.Increased access to higher quality clothes, food, new jobs, etc. Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities)Growth of factory system-led to urbanization (move to cities)

Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

Problems of Industrialization Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditionsUncontrolled growth-no sanitary plans, building codes, shortage of housing, overcrowding, pollution, disease, poor working conditions Average work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous- especially coal minesAverage work-6 days per week, 14 hours per day, poor pay, monotonous work, dangerous- especially coal mines

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

Young Coal Miners

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile Factory Workers in England

Class Tensions Lots of working poor, but the emergence of the middle-classLots of working poor, but the emergence of the middle-class –”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workersNouveau Riche –”New Money” Factory owners, bankers, merchants, skilled workers Later doctors, lawyers, managersLater doctors, lawyers, managers Growing poor-unskilled workers- replaced by machinesGrowing poor-unskilled workers- replaced by machines Luddites-Smashed machinesLuddites-Smashed machines

The Luddites: Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest] Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“ Upstairs ” / “ Downstairs ” Life

Industrialization

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Created jobs, created wealth, foster technological invention and progress, increased the production of goods and raised the “standard of living”Created jobs, created wealth, foster technological invention and progress, increased the production of goods and raised the “standard of living” Healthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobsHealthier diets, cheaper mass produced clothing, created demand for better education for new jobs Eventually led to labor unions- improved lives of factory workersEventually led to labor unions- improved lives of factory workers

Negative Effects of Industrialization Dangerous and poor working conditionsDangerous and poor working conditions pollution pollution slums slums disease, lack of adequate medical care. disease, lack of adequate medical care. Child labor abusesChild labor abuses Increasing class of working poorIncreasing class of working poor

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

The New Industrial City

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Industrialization Spreads Section 3 Britain-Favorable location, geography, financial systems, political stability, natural resourcesBritain-Favorable location, geography, financial systems, political stability, natural resources Spreads to other countries-USASpreads to other countries-USA USA-Water, land, people, resources- coal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of 1812-became self-sufficientUSA-Water, land, people, resources- coal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of 1812-became self-sufficient Britain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, mechanics to emmigrateBritain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers, mechanics to emmigrate

Industrialization United States Samuel SlaterSamuel Slater 1789-Built spinning machine-thread1789-Built spinning machine-thread Moses Brown- 1 st Factory-PawtucketMoses Brown- 1 st Factory-Pawtucket Rhode Island

Lowell Massachusetts Factory Town-Factory Town- women lived away from home, the factories built dormitories and factory-towns for the women. These factories also had all parts of production included in one building. This is called the “Lowell System.”women lived away from home, the factories built dormitories and factory-towns for the women. These factories also had all parts of production included in one building. This is called the “Lowell System.”

Industrialization- U.S. Mostly in New England-but after the Civil War ( ) spreads to rest of countryMostly in New England-but after the Civil War ( ) spreads to rest of country Growth- resources, swelling urban population (immigration), new technologies-light bulb, telephoneGrowth- resources, swelling urban population (immigration), new technologies-light bulb, telephone Growth of Railroads (transportation- Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)Growth of Railroads (transportation- Chicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)

Big Business Need for large amounts of $- railroads, steel, oilNeed for large amounts of $- railroads, steel, oil Start of the Corporation-owned by stockholders share profits but not responsible for its debts.Start of the Corporation-owned by stockholders share profits but not responsible for its debts. JD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie SteelJD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie- Carnegie Steel

Industrialization-Europe Between Napoleonic Wars interrupted industrialization in EuropeBetween Napoleonic Wars interrupted industrialization in Europe Belgium- William Cockerill & sonBelgium- William Cockerill & son Germany-railroads and steel industries-quickly develops-copied BritishGermany-railroads and steel industries-quickly develops-copied British Some countries limited by lack of resources and natural barriers, social problemsSome countries limited by lack of resources and natural barriers, social problems

Worldwide impact Rise of Global Inequality-Industrialized vs. non-industrializedRise of Global Inequality-Industrialized vs. non-industrialized Industrialized countries see non- industrialized countries as a source of raw materials and market for products- Imperialism-extending power over another countryIndustrialized countries see non- industrialized countries as a source of raw materials and market for products- Imperialism-extending power over another country Transformation of society- increase in population, urbanization, life expectancy, wealth- not all equally sharedTransformation of society- increase in population, urbanization, life expectancy, wealth- not all equally shared

Share in World Manufacturing Output:

Veterans Day ransday/veterans-day-video ransday/veterans-day-video h?hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+un known+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ &sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=t itle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw CQ# h?hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+un known+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ &sa=X&oi=video_result_group&ct=t itle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw CQ#

Adam Smith “Laissez faire”-”let do”-“Laissez faire”-”let do”- Government should stay out of the economy Adam Smith -Wealth of Nations- economic liberty= economic progress, “Invisible hand of self-interest” Capitalism-economic system private ownership and profit motive

Thomas Malthus × Population growth will outpace the food supply. × War, disease, or famine could control population. × The poor should have less children. × Food supply will then keep up with population.

David Ricardo × “Iron Law of Wages.” × When wages are high, workers have more children. × More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.

The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill × The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. × There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.

Jeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists × People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. × Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. × Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Karl Marx In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.In a higher phase of communist society... only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be fully left behind and society inscribe on its banners: from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.

Communism The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property.The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property. The worker of the world has nothing to lose, but their chains, workers of the world unite.The worker of the world has nothing to lose, but their chains, workers of the world unite.

Labor Unions Collective Bargaining- negotiation between workers and their employersCollective Bargaining- negotiation between workers and their employers Reform Laws- Child labor/womenReform Laws- Child labor/women Abolitionism/Women’s Rights, EducationAbolitionism/Women’s Rights, Education

Other Reform Movements Abolition of SlaveryAbolition of Slavery England Moral & Economic threatEngland Moral & Economic threat Women’s Rights- Jane Addams- Hull House, Suffrage MovementWomen’s Rights- Jane Addams- Hull House, Suffrage Movement Education- Free public- Horace MannEducation- Free public- Horace Mann