Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812 Revolution of 1800 – Peaceful transition of power – “We are all Republicans – we are all Federalists” Jeffersonian Democracy – Simplicity – “The government governs best that governs least” – Agrarian republic – Repealed the Alien and Sedition Acts

Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812 Louisiana Purchase – Westerners needed the Mississippi River – France needed money – Constitution did not expressly permit the President or Congress the power to purchase territory (Strict Interpretation) – Doubled the size of the country

Jefferson, Madison and the War of 1812 Marbury v. Madison – Gave the Supreme Court the authority to determine constitutionality of laws War of 1812 – British impressment of American sailors was a cause – The War Hawks (Clay, Calhoun) wanted Canada – The British were allied with Native Americans in the West Some Americans were opposed to the War – New England held the Hartford Convention and contemplated seccesion Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans restored American pride The War ended the Federalists – They were seen as disloyal

The Era of Good Feelings James Monroe – No opposition party – Federalists were gone – Surge of nationalism American System – Henry Clay of Kentucky – Internal improvements Roads and Canals – Tariff to protect American industry – Similar to A. Hamilton

The Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise – 1820 Missouri admitted as a slave state – Maine admitted as a free state – No slavery north of 36 degrees latitude in the Louisiana Purchase – Slavery now seems permanent Monroe Doctrine – American continent was no longer open to European colonization – The British navy actually enforced to doctrine

The Age of Jackson Election of 1824 – Corrupt bargain allows John Quincy Adams to be elected Jacksonian Democracy – Dramatic expansion of suffrage – Party nominating system – Spoils system – First president from the West

The Age of Jackson Tarriff of Abominations – 1828 highest tariff ever – Southerners hated the new tax Nullification Crisis – Calhoun of South Carolina challenged the tariff, claiming states could declare an act “null and void” – Jackson forced South Carolina to back down Indian Removal Act – 1830 Congress passes a law moving the Native Americans of the Southeast to the West – Worcester v. Georgia 1832 Supreme Court supported Native American rights Jackson ignored the ruling Bank War – Jackson refused to re- charter the BUS Rise of the Whigs – United in opposition to Jackson

Transportation and Market Revolutions Transportation Revolution – Steamboats and Railroads – National Road Erie Canal – Western goods to Eastern markets – New York City became primary Eastern city Market Revolution – National economy Impact of the Revolutions on Regions – Northeast – industrial growth – Midwest – immigration and agriculture – South – plantation system dominated by elite planters

The Old South Old Slavery – Chesapeake Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin – 1790s invention – Slavery expands King Cotton – Most valuable cash crop – Tobacco depleted the soil Cotton Economy – Changed the South’s attitude toward slavery – No immigration to the South – South lagged industrially Planters – Small, but powerful group Yeoman Farmers – Majority in the South – Deferred politically to the Planters Poor Whites – Unskilled laborers – Backwoods – Supported slavery Slavery in 1850s – Necessary Evil to Positive Good

Religion, Reform and Romanticism American Colonization Society – Abolition and return of slaves to Africa – Founded Liberia William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglas – Both prominent abolitionists Republican Motherhood – Women would raise virtuous citizens for the new country Cult of Domesticity – Idealized women as mothers and housewives Seneca Falls – 1848 Women’s Rights Conventions – Declaration of Sentiments Second Great Awakening – People could improve themselves and society Educational Reform – Horace Mann believed in public education – Longer school year, more training for teachers Mentally Ill – Dorothea Dix launched a crusade for better hospitals for the mentally ill Transcendentalism – Henry David Thoreau – Ralph Waldo Emerson – Margaret Fuller – Minimized logic and reason – Fiercely individualistic Temperance – Campaign to drink less alcohol Utopian Communities – Rejected competition – Egalitarian social order – Brook Farm the most famous

Immigration Irish Immigration – Irish moved to the port cities of the Northeast – Potato Famine caused the surge – Faced religious discrimination German Immigration – Moved to the Midwest Nativism and the Know- Nothing Party – Anti-Catholic Political Party

Westward Expansion Lone Star Republic – Texas acquired its independence from Mexico in 1836 Polk and “Manifest Destiny” – America had a God-given right to expand across the continent – President Polk supported it Mexican War – 1846 – the war began under fuzzy circumstances Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico lost one0third of its territory Wilmot Proviso – A proposal that all land taken in the Mexican war would be free states