Chapter 2: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Mrs. Spearman Room 300 THE HUMAN BODY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Objectives: I can: Define anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Define the term anatomical position. Define dthe directional terms and sections (planes) used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one another. List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of each.

Anatomic Direction System Used to describe the locations of the organs of the body The simplest anatomical direction we already know is LEFT AND RIGHT There are several additional ways to describe the location of body parts. These anatomical reference systems include: Body Directions Body Planes Body cavities

What is Anatomy and Physiology? Anatomy-the study of the parts of the body Physiology-the study of the function of the body parts

What is anatomical position? A reference position, the body is standing with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward.

Anatomical Directions Superior—aboveInferior—below Cephalic—toward the headCaudal—toward the feet Anterior—in front of, frontPosterior—behind, back Ventral—front Dorsal—back Medial—toward the middleLateral—away from the midline, side Proximal—situated nearest the midline Distal—situated farthest from the midline

Planes or Body Sections Fig. 2.3 Sagittal plane—divides the body into right and left sections Midsagittal—plane that divides into two equal right and left sections Frontal (coronal) plane—divides the body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse plane—horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Directions and planes of the body.

Write It! Anterior vs. Posterior Answer the questions as if you were standing in anatomical position. 1. The bulgy part of your elbow is located on the ____________________________ side of the arm. 2. Your fingernails are located on the _______________________ side of the finger. 3. Your kneecap is located on the _______________________ side of the body. 4. Your naval is located on the ________________________ side of the body. 5. Your gluteal region (buttocks) is located on the ________________ side of the body.

Write It! Superior vs. Inferior 1.The knee is ____________________ to the hip bones. 2.The shoulder is _____________________ to the elbow. 3. The lips are _______________________ to the nose. 4. The elbow is ____________________ to the hand. 5. The chest is ___________________ to the abdomen.

Body Cavities Fig. 2.5 Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity Mediastinum—midportion of thoracic cavity Pleural cavities—right lung located in right pleural cavity, left lung in left pleural cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the intestine 9 regions Four quadrants

Body Cavities cont. Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity contains brain Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

Major Body Cavities

9 regions of the abdominopelvic cavity

4 Regions of the and Abdomen

Structures of the Body Cells Tissues Organs Body systems

Cells The smallest units of the body. Cells are grouped together to form tissues. Cytology is the study of cells.

Genetic Disorders Also known as hereditary disorders, are diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene. Cystic fibrosis affects both the respiratory and digestive system. Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple physical abnormalities. Hemophilia is a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing. Genetic transmission is usually from mother to son. Huntington’s disease, is a hereditary disorder passed from parent to child means it can be passed on by just one parent. Symptoms appear in midlife and cause irreversible and progressive weakness of muscle fibers. Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder in which an essential digestive enzyme is missing. PKU can cause severe mental retardation if not treated.

Genetic Disorder cont. Sickle cell anemia is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Tay-Sachs disease is a hereditary disease in which a missing enzyme in the brain causes progressive physical degeneration, mental retardation, and early death.

Communicable Disease Communicable disease (Contagious disease)— transmitted from one person to another person either by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated objects Example: Flu, AIDS, chicken pox

Disease Transmission Indirect contact transmission—When a person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface Bloodborne transmission—the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids Example: HIV or STD Airborne transmission—occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets (coughing or sneezing) Examples: Tuberculosis, colds, flu Food-borne and waterborne transmission (fecal-oral transmission)—caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water

Outbreaks of Diseases Epidemiologist—a specialist that studies outbreaks of disease within a population Endemic—the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area Example: Common cold in the general population Epidemic—Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or area Example: Sudden widespread outbreak of chicken pox in children in Louisiana Pandemic—an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide Example: worldwide spread of Swine Flu