Basic Chemistry & Bonding

 The science of matter and the reactions caused when different kinds of matter interact.  All living organisms rely on interactions of matter in order to survive  Example: H 2 O is needed to digest carbohydrates such as glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 in order to give your body energy.

 The smallest unit of matter How small is small? 1 Atom of Helium Diameter = 50 picometers Mass = 1.67 x kilograms This is a carbon atom. Atoms most common in living organisms: carbon nitrogen hydrogen oxygen  Anything that has mass and volume.

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NUCLEUS: CENTER OF THE ATOM PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (+) NEUTRONS – PARTICLES WITH NO CHARGE (0) ELECTRON LEVELS (CLOUDS): INVISIBLE RINGS AROUND THE NUCLEUS ELECTRIONS – NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (-) 1 st Cloud: 2 electrons 2 nd Cloud: 8 electrons 3 rd Cloud: 8 electrons

The number of protons an atom has. This number never changes! Can be found on the periodic table

Mass of atom is found in the nucleus Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons

1. Draw the Nucleus and at least one electron level 2. Add protons (+) and neutrons (o) into the nucleus 3. Add electrons remembering the number each level can hold; you may need to add more electron levels 1 st : 2 electrons 2 nd : 8 electrons 3 rd : 8 electrons

 Element – a substance made of only one kind of atom  Example: Carbon Atoms can combine to make elemental carbon in the form of coal or diamonds.  Atomic Number – number of protons and electrons; atomic number of an atom never changes  Atomic Mass – number of protons + neutrons (mass of atom is found in the nucleus)

A chart of all elements known to man. Arranged in rows and columns. In order of atomic number; Always changing.

ElementNumber of Protons Number of Neutrons Number of Electrons 1 st Energy Level Electrons 2 nd Energy Level Electrons 3 rd Energy Level Electrons Carbon Chlorine Helium Hydrogen Lithium Magnesium Neon Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sodium Sulfer

Compound: A substance made of atoms of two or more different elements Why do atoms bond together? Atoms bond together to fill up their outermost energy levels; to become stable Stability: An atom is stable if its outermost energy level is filled up. AtomProtonsNeutronsElectrons1 st Energy Level 2 nd Energy Level 3 rd Energy Level Stable? Hydrogen Sodium Neon Chlorine Oxygen

Chemical Bond: A force that holds two or more atoms together; atoms bond to become stable Valence Electrons: The electrons in the outermost energy level only Dot Diagram: A diagram that shows the chemical symbol and dots representing only valence electrons To become stable, atoms can GAIN, LOSE, OR SHARE electrons.

COVALENT BOND: CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY A SHARING OF ELECTRONS FORMED WHEN BOTH ATOMS NEED ELECTRONS IONIC BOND: CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY ONE ATOM LOSING ELECTRONS AND ANOTHER ATOM GAINING ELECTRONS

Ion: An atom that has gained or lost electrons; an atom that has a positive or negative charge Draw a Dot Diagram of the following atoms… Sodium Chlorine Hydrogen Oxygen

SodiumChlorine

MagnesiumOxygen

 Gains an electron? The atom becomes more negative (negative ion)  Loses an electron? The atom becomes more positive (positive ion)

Molecule: Two or more atoms that are covalently bonded (sharing electrons).

HydrogenFluorine

Oxygen

HydrogenOxygenHydrogen

ElementSymbolDot DiagramStable? Unstable? Gain or Lose? How many? Hydrogen Helium Lithium Carbon Aluminum Sulfur Chlorine Argon Chemical Bonding

1. LiCl Type of Bond: Explanation: