Chapter 13, Lesson 2 ACOS #11: Identify causes of the Civil War, including states’ rights and the issue of slavery. 11a: Recognizing key northern and southern personalities, including Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Joseph Wheeler. 11b: Describe social, economic, and political conditions that effected citizens during the Civil War. 11c: Identify Alabama’s role in the Civil War. 11d: Locate on a map sites important to the Civil War. 11e: Explain events that led to the conclusion of the Civil War.

Vocabulary Words Camp – a group of temporary shelters, such as tents. Home front – the people who are not in the military. Civilian – a person who is not in the military.

The Human Face of War Men from all parts of the country and from all walks of life fought in the Civil War. They thought they would find excitement and glory. What they actually found was terror in battle and boredom in camp. Camp is a group of temporary shelters, such as tents. Food in the army was usually poor. Confederate soldiers suffered even more than Union soldiers because they often did not have enough to eat.

Who Were the Soldiers? At first, almost all were white and born in the United States. Eventually, the North allowed African Americans to join the army. About 180,000 served in the United States army. Immigrants also joined the Union army. Thousands of boys went into battle, even though many were too young. Boys as young as nine years old were known to have fought. Women on both sides also disguised themselves as men and fought. Other women became spies for one side or the other.

Casualties of War The Civil War was the deadliest war in American history. Rifles could shoot farther and more accurately than ever before. Battle was not the only danger in war. Disease killed twice as many soldiers as the fighting did! Women such as Clara Barton, who later founded the American Red Cross, cared for the sick and wounded in hospitals and in their homes.

On the Home Front The people a soldier left behind when they went to war where part of the home front. Most of the battles of the Civil War took place in the South. Few people in the North could see the war happening. The new technology of photography allowed civilians to see what the war looked like. A civilian is a person who is not in the military. Life on the home front was especially hard in the South. Southern farms became battlefields. Their cities, homes, and barns were destroyed. People in the South often did not have enough to eat. Inflation made food very expensive. Money printed by the Confederate government became almost worthless.