1-1 Lecture 1: RDCH 702 Introduction Class organization §Outcomes §Grading Chart of the nuclides §Description and use of chart §Data Radiochemistry introduction §Atomic properties §Nuclear nomenclature §X-rays §Types of decays §Forces

1-2 RDCH 702: Introduction Outcomes for RDCH 702 §Understand chemical properties in radiation and radiochemistry §Use and application of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics to evaluate radionuclide speciation §Understand the influence of radiolysis on the chemistry of radioisotopes §Understand and evaluate radioisotope production §Evaluate and compare radiochemical separations §Utilization of radioisotope nuclear properties in evaluating chemical behavior §Use and explain the application of radionuclides in research §Discuss and understand ongoing radiochemistry research

1-3 Grading Homework (5 %) §In class quiz at completion of topic Quizzes (12.5 % each) §Take home quiz §Develop tools for research (spreadsheets) Presentation (20 %) §Based on recent literature §End of semester §20-25 minutes Classroom participation (12.5 %) §Bring chart of the nuclides! Class developed to assist and compliment research activities

1-4 Schedule #DateTopic 1Monday23-AugIntroduction, Chart of the Nuclides 2Wednesday25-AugChemical Speciation and Thermodynamics 3Monday30-AugLabor Day 4Wednesday01-SepChemical Speciation and Thermodynamics 5Monday06-SepQuiz 1 (Chart of the Nuclides) 6Wednesday08-SepLiterature search/Library 7Monday13-SepChemical Speciation and Thermodynamics 8Wednesday15-SepGuest Lecturer/Paul Forster 9Monday20-SepQuiz 2 (Speciation and Thermodynamics) 10Wednesday22-SepNO CLASS 11Monday27-SepElectron orbitals and energy 12Wednesday29-SepElectron orbitals and energy 13Monday04-OctElectron orbitals and energy/Decay Kinetics 14Wednesday06-OctDecay Kinetics 15Monday11-OctDecay Kinetics

1-5 Schedule 16Wednesday13-OctQuiz 3 (Electron Orbitals and Decay Kinetics) 17Monday18-OctDosimetry and Interaction of Radiation with Matter 18Wednesday20-OctDosimetry and Interaction of Radiation with Matter 19Monday25-OctIsotope production 20Wednesday27-OctIsotope production 21Monday01-NovQuiz 4 (Dosimetry, Radiation Interaction, Isotope Production) 22Wednesday03-NovSolvent Extraction 23Monday08-NovSolvent Extraction 24Wednesday10-NovIon Exchange 25Monday15-NovIon Exchange 26Wednesday17-NovMolten Salt 27Monday22-NovMolten Salt 28Wednesday24-NovReactors and Fuel Cycle 29Monday29-NovReactors and Fuel Cycle 30Wednesday01-DecQuiz 5 (Separations, Fuel Cycle) 31Monday06-DecPresentations

1-6 Chart of the Nuclides Presentation of data on nuclides §Information on chemical element §Nuclide information àSpin and parity (0 + for even-even nuclides) àFission yield §Stable isotope àIsotopic abundance àReaction cross sections àMass Radioactive isotope §Half-life §Modes of decay and energies §Beta disintegration energies §Isomeric states §Natural decay series §Reaction cross sections

1-7 Chart of Nuclides Decay modes §Alpha §Beta §Positron §Photon §Electron capture §Isomeric transition §Internal conversion §Spontaneous fission §Cluster decay

1-8 Chart of the Nuclides Questions How many stable isotopes of Ni? What is the mass and isotopic abundance of 84 Sr? Spin and parity of 201 Hg? Decay modes and decay energies of 212 Bi What are the isotopes in the 235 U decay series? What is the half-life of 176 Lu? What is the half-life of 176 Yb How is 238 Pu produced? How is 239 Pu made from 238 U Which actinide isotopes are likely to undergo neutron induced fission? Which isotopes are likely to undergo alpha decay?

1-9 Table of the Isotopes Detailed information about each isotope §Mass chain decay scheme §mass excess (M-A) § particle separation energy §Populating reactions and decay modes §Gamma data àTransitions, % intensities §Decay levels àEnergy, spin, parity, half-life §Structure drawing

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1-13 Introduction Radiochemistry §Chemistry of the radioactive isotopes and elements §Utilization of nuclear properties in evaluating and understanding chemistry §Intersection of chart of the nuclides and periodic table Atom §Z and N in nucleus ( m) §Electron interaction with nucleus basis of chemical properties ( m) àElectrons can be excited *Higher energy orbitals *Ionization ØBinding energy of electron effects ionization §Isotopes àSame Z different N §Isobar àSame A (sum of Z and N) §Isotone àSame N, different Z §Isomer àNuclide in excited state à 99m Tc

1-14 Terms and decay modes: Utilization of chart of the nuclides Identify the isomer, isobars, isotones, and isotopes § 60m Co, 57 Co, 97 Nb, 58 Co, 57 Ni, 57 Fe, 59 Ni, 99m Tc Identify the daughter from the decay of the following isotopes § 210 Po § 196 Pb § 204 Bi § 209 Pb § 222 At § 212 Bi § 208 Pb How is 14 C naturally produced Identify 5 naturally occurring radionuclides with Z<84

1-15 X-rays Electron from a lower level is removed §electrons of the higher levels can come to occupy resulting vacancy §energy is returned to the external medium as electromagnetic radiation radiation called an X-ray §discovered by Roentgen in 1895 §In studying x-rays radiation emitted by uranium ores Becquerel et. al. (P. and M. Curie) discovered radioactivity in 1896

1-16 X-rays Removal of K shell electrons §Electrons coming from the higher levels will emit photons while falling to this K shell  series of rays (frequency or wavelength ) are noted as K , K , K   If the removed electrons are from the L shell, noted as L , L , L  In 1913 Moseley studied these frequencies, showing that: where Z is the atomic number and, A and Z 0 are constants depending on the observed transition. K series, Z 0 = 1, L series, Z 0 = 7.4.

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1-18 Absorption Spectra Edge keV A K L-I L-II L-III M M M M M N N N U absorption edges and scattering coefficients

1-19 Fundamentals of x-rays X-rays §X-ray wavelengths from 1E-5 angstrom to 100 angstrom àDe-acceleration of high energy electrons àElectron transitions from inner orbitals *Bombardment of metal with high energy electrons *Secondary x-ray fluorescence by primary x-rays *Radioactive sources *Synchrotron sources

 decay (occurs among the heavier elements) 2.  decay 3. Positron emission 4. Electron capture 5. Spontaneous fission Types of Decay

1-21 Half Lives for the condition: N/N o =1/2=e - t N=N o e - t =(ln 2)/t 1/2 Rate of decay of 131 I as a function of time.

1-22 Topic review Types of radioactive decay Understand and utilize the data presented in the chart of the nuclides §Units for data §Relationships between isotopes §Fission yields Identify common fission products Define X-rays Read introduction to chart of the nuclides

1-23 Study Questions What are the course outcomes? What are 3 isotones of 137 Cs What are the different types of radioactive decay? Provide 5 radioelements Why is Tc naturally radioactive What are the stable isotopes of Sn? What is the beta decay energy of 90 Sr? Which has more stable isotopes, Cr or Fe?

1-24 Pop Quiz Provide 10 facts about 129 I using the chart of the nuclides