Southern Economy Good Soil & Rivers Good Soil & Rivers  Large farms = plantations  Self-sufficient  Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo

Southern Society Planters Small Farmers Women Indentured Servants Slaves

Slavery Native Americans escape easily Native Americans escape easily –Why do you think this is? First African American Slaves: 1619: Jamestown First African American Slaves: 1619: Jamestown Indentured Servants 1670’s Indentured Servants 1670’s –What is the difference between an indentured servant and a slave? Slavery: economic foundation Slavery: economic foundation

Triangular Trade Sugar from West Indies Sugar from West Indies Made into Rum in New England Made into Rum in New England Rum/ Guns sent to Africa Rum/ Guns sent to Africa Slaves to West Indies Slaves to West Indies

Triangular Trade

Middle Passage The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to America or the West Indies The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to America or the West Indies

The Slave Ship

Slave Auctions

The Institution of Slavery Plantations, Farms, Domestics, Urban, Artisans Plantations, Farms, Domestics, Urban, Artisans 80-90% of slaves worked in the fields 80-90% of slaves worked in the fields Slaves could be rented and owner received wages Slaves could be rented and owner received wages

Slave Culture and Family Made pottery of homeland Made pottery of homeland Musical traditions / Dance Musical traditions / Dance Oral history Oral history –Why don’t we have written records? Who were the “writers” of history? Raised each others children Raised each others children

Marriage Ceremony

How did slavery differ from indentured servitude? How did slavery differ from indentured servitude? Inherent racism??? Inherent racism???

Virginia, 1639: The first law to exclude "Negroes" from normal protections by the government was enacted. Maryland, 1664: The first colonial "anti-amalgamation" law is enacted (amalgamation referred to "race-mixing"). Other colonies soon followed Maryland's example. A 1691 Virginia law declared that any white man or woman who married a "Negro, mulatto, or Indian" would be banished from the colony forever. Virginia, 1667: Christian baptisms would no longer affect the bondage of blacks or Indians, preventing enslaved workers from improving their legal status by changing their religion. Virginia, 1682: A law establishing the racial distinction between servants and slaves was enacted. Virginia, 1639: The first law to exclude "Negroes" from normal protections by the government was enacted. Maryland, 1664: The first colonial "anti-amalgamation" law is enacted (amalgamation referred to "race-mixing"). Other colonies soon followed Maryland's example. A 1691 Virginia law declared that any white man or woman who married a "Negro, mulatto, or Indian" would be banished from the colony forever. Virginia, 1667: Christian baptisms would no longer affect the bondage of blacks or Indians, preventing enslaved workers from improving their legal status by changing their religion. Virginia, 1682: A law establishing the racial distinction between servants and slaves was enacted.

All servants imported and brought into the Country... who were not Christians in their native Country... shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion... shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master... correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction... the master shall be free of all punishment... as if such accident never happened. – All servants imported and brought into the Country... who were not Christians in their native Country... shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion... shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists his master... correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction... the master shall be free of all punishment... as if such accident never happened. – Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705 Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705

What conclusions can you draw from the documents? What conclusions can you draw from the documents?

Slave Codes In court their testimony was inadmissible In court their testimony was inadmissible Nor could they own property; Nor could they own property; Even if attacked, they could not strike a white person. Even if attacked, they could not strike a white person. Slaves could not be away from their owner's premises without permission Slaves could not be away from their owner's premises without permission They could not assemble unless a white person was present; They could not assemble unless a white person was present; They could not own firearms; They could not own firearms; They could not be taught to read or write, They could not be taught to read or write, They were not permitted to marry. They were not permitted to marry.

Slaves could be beaten Slaves could be beaten In Virginia, courts did NOT consider it murder when a slave died during punishment In Virginia, courts did NOT consider it murder when a slave died during punishment

Resistance and Revolt Faking illness Faking illness Breaking tools Breaking tools Running away Running away VERY FEW INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCE VERY FEW INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCE

Stono Rebellion September 9, 1739 September 9, 1739 South Carolina South Carolina Organized by native Africans who were from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo Organized by native Africans who were from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo –Some spoke Portuguese Led by Jemmy Cato Led by Jemmy Cato –He was literate  WHY WAS THIS DANGEROUS? –May have been a former soldier –Belonged to the Cato / Cater family near the Stono River

Stono Rebellion 20 slaves escaped headed to Spanish Florida 20 slaves escaped headed to Spanish Florida –Spanish promised FREEDOM and LAND near St Augustine to slaves who escaped from British rule –WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS? Eventually the force turned to Eventually the force turned to Whites subdue the resistance (~25 whites killed, ~ slaves killed) Whites subdue the resistance (~25 whites killed, ~ slaves killed) Survivors were sold to the West Indies Survivors were sold to the West Indies Effect: NEGRO ACT OF 1740 Effect: NEGRO ACT OF 1740

Why did the Stono Rebellion fail? (hint: look at the notes from the video we watched!) Why did the Stono Rebellion fail? (hint: look at the notes from the video we watched!)

Why did slavery begin in America? Why did it last? Why did slavery begin in America? Why did it last?

ASauctions.htm ASauctions.htm ASauctions.htm ASauctions.htm Chronicles of slave auctions Chronicles of slave auctions