Imperialism! Goal 6

Reason to Expand Globally  Imperialism was already in trend with major nations during the late 1800s  US had already experienced some expansion  Manifest Destiny (1830s-40s)  Trade w/ Japan (Matthew Perry, 1853)  Alaska, 1867 (Sec. of State Seward)  Trade with China (1860s – most favored nation)  3 Factors contribute to America’s expansion into imperialism  Desire for military strength  Thirst for new markets  Belief in cultural superiority

Why did the US Expand?  Desire for military strength  Other nations were building a world presence  US sought to build own military strength  Alfred T. Mahan – The Influence of Seapower Upon History  Thirst for new markets  Growth of American industry led to surplus of goods  New markets would allow the sell of more goods  US also needs raw materials for more industry  Belief in cultural superiority  Social Darwinism plays role in American superiority  US had responsibility to spread “Christianity” and “civilization” to the “inferior peoples” of the world  White Mans Burden-Our Burden to get involved

Why did originally not want to Expand?  At odds with ourselves  Foreign Presence in America  Industrial Revolution-Not stable economically  Weak Military/Navy

Early Expansion Hawaii  US had economic interests in Hawaii  Several sugar & fruit plantations on the island  US takes island of Midway; also wants to build naval base at Pearl Harbor  Sugar causes many in US to want Hawaii annexed  Queen Liliuokalani & “Hawaii for Hawaiians” (anti-American)  US business owners overthrow Hawaiian gov’t & set up Sanford Dole as head of gov’t  President Cleveland didn’t want Hawaii annexed  Hawaii not annexed by US until 1898 under President McKinley Alaska  Secretary of State William Seward arranged for US to purchase Alaska  $7.2 million to Russia in 1867  Known as “Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”  Alaska becomes resource of minerals & oil

Queen Liliuokalani & Sanford B. Dole

Spanish-American War  US had interest in Spanish controlled Cuba since 1854  Cuba fought for independence from Spain in 1895, led by Jose Marti  Used guerilla fighting  Encouraged attacks on US-owned plantations  Spain fought brutally against Cuban rebels  Many put into concentration camps  US journalists William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer use stories for headlines  Leads to yellow journalism (sensationalized stories)  “you furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”  US tried diplomatic relations with Cuba  US also sends U.S.S. Maine to Cuba to protect Americans  The ship explodes in Havana harbor, killing 260  US public blames Spanish (due to yellow journalism)  US declares war on Spain on April 20, 1898

Spanish American War Continues..  US attacks Spanish 1 st in pacific  US sends navy to Philippines; led by George Dewey  US destroys Spanish fleet in 7 hours  Filipino rebels help US troops in attacking Spanish; fighting lasts 2 months  US then turns attention to Caribbean  American troops land in Cuba in June  Mostly volunteers, including Rough Riders (led by Teddy Roosevelt) & Buffalo Soldiers (black troops)  US defeats Spanish in Cuba, then invade Puerto Rico  Spain gives up, signing armistice in August  “splendid little war” (only 16 weeks of fighting)  Treaty of Paris - Cuba gets independence; US gets Philippines, Guam, & Puerto Rico

Pulitzer (left) & Hearst (right) fight over the War

After Spanish-American War  Puerto Rico  US brings military in to rule  Foraker Act, 1900  Ends military control  US has some control of Puerto Rican gov’t (appoints governor)  Gives citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917  Cuba  During Spanish-Am. War US passed Teller Amendment  Said US had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba  After the war US keeps military in Cuba to influence decisions  Cuba forced to add pro-US amendment to their constitution  Platt Amendment added to Cuban Constitution in 1901  Amendment said US had right to intervene in Cuba  US also received naval bases in Cuba  Cuba remains a protectorate of US into the 1930s

Carribean  Philippines  Filipinos upset that Cuba gets independence & they do not  Filipinos revolt in 1899, led by Emilio Aguinaldo  Takes US 3 years to put down rebellion  Rebellion costs $400 million; 20,000 Filipinos die, 4000 US die  Philippines gain independence in 1946  China  Europeans already controlled spheres of influence in China  US wants to make sure they have trading rights  Sec. of State John Hay promotes Open Door Policy  Notes sent to other imperialist powers urging them to allow US trade  Chinese rebel against outsiders; known as Boxer Rebellion  Troops from foreign nations put down rebellion in 1900  Anti-Imperialism League  Formed by famous Americans who were against imperialism  Included Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain

America is now a World Power!  Teddy Roosevelt  US has desire for canal in Panama  US encourages Panama to rebel for independence  Panama agrees to a treaty allowing US to build canal in 1903  Canal opens in 1914  “Big Stick” Diplomacy  Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroe Doctrine  Warns Latin America that US would use force to protect our interests in the region  Russo-Japanese War  Russia & Japan were at war in 1904  Roosevelt asked to mediate peace negotiations  Resulted in Treaty of Portsmouth; Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace Prize

Politics continued…  William Howard Taft  Dollar Diplomacy  US arranges loans from American bankers  Banks get investment options in those countries  US gov’t guarantees loans from US Bankers  Woodrow Wilson  Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy  US wouldn’t recognize Latin gov’ts that were repressive, hostile, or anti-US  Policy pressures Latin nations to be democratic  Wilson aimed to reinforce Western Hemisphere in the face of WWI.

Wilson Continued  Although Wilson hated imperialism he invaded more countries in Latin America than any other president in U.S. history (to protect U.S. lives and property)  Kept marines in Nicaragua making that country, in effect, a protectorate.  Send U.S. forces sent to Haiti in when Haitian president torn to pieces.  1916, U.S. marines sent to Dominican Republic when civil war broke out  Debt-cursed country became a protectorate of U.S.  1917, U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark Caribbean sea increasingly dominated by U.S. (along with Panama)

Mexico  Problems with Mexico  Mexican Revolution starts in 1911  US almost goes to war in 1914  Mexican rebel Pancho Villa has raids against US in 1916  US tries for 1 year to kill Villa (military led by Pershing)  US recalls Pershing in 1917 to focus on World War I  Villa is assassinated in 1919

Mexican Rebel leader Pancho Villa