UNIT 2 – CLASSICAL EMPIRES THE STRUCTURE OF CIVILIZATION REFLECTS THE BELIEFS AND IDEOLOGIES OF A SOCIETY Eastern India & China Quizlet Link:

Concept Questions 1. How was early Indian culture and development influenced by religion, social structure, ideas and events? 2. What are the historical origins and central beliefs of Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism? 3. How can differing philosophies influence a culture? 4. What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in the East?

Mauryan/Gupta Empires

India  Aryans from central Asia conquer the Dravidians and grow into an empire as a response to Greek challenges  Mauryan Empire – golden age  Chandragupta Maurya  Bureaucratic govt. – divided into provinces  Golden Age in classical India  Asoka  Chandragupta’s grandson  Bothered by mass death, converts to Buddhism  India falls into turmoil after his death  4485FE3B5D51A8ED7CD FE3B5D51A8ED7CD69138  Gupta Empire  Reunites India after the fall of the Mauryan Empire  Expanded Indian empire

Indian Culture  Astronomy, Math and Medicine  Calendar based on the sun 7 day week 365 days  Pi  Art Poems & plays in Sanskrit Murals and architecture  Classified diseases Surgeries Inoculations  Effects of Indian Culture Numeral system still used today Caste system became the new social order

Indian Religions Moksha/ Nirvana Karma reincarnation E3B5D51A8ED7CD B5D51A8ED7CD69138

Zhou (Chou)Dynasty

Mandate of Heaven The gods gave the right to rule Bad things happened as a sign that ancestral spirits were unhappy with the current ruler The leader must lead by ability and virtue Leadership must be justified by succeeding generations, could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important

Zhou Dynasty Nobles rule through feudalism Often responsible for the rebellions and overthrows that start a new dynasty Confucianism Confucius – most important Chinese philosopher Developed as a response to social problems, later became the basis of the Chinese govt. including civil service exams Filial piety – respect for parents and elders Bureaucracy - trained civil service based on education not a religion, an ethical system 95GSTMK6CSZQ7B8;s=DC847CF24485FE3B5D51A8E D7CD GSTMK6CSZQ7B8;s=DC847CF24485FE3B5D51A8E D7CD69138 Daoism Lao Tzu search for knowledge and understanding of nature Universal force called the Dao

5 Relationships of Confucionism

Dynastic Cycle Displeases heaven – Resulting in floods or famine Allows lawlessness and corruption Unable to defend against invaders or revolts Loses control of officials Overtaxes population Allows infrastructure to decline Treats people unfairly Restores order Protects people from invaders Rebuilds infrastructure – walls, canals, irrigation systems Expands influence and trade New Dynasty Claims Mandate of Heaven Old Dynasty Loses Mandate of Heaven Aging Dynasty Stops providing good government

Qin Dynasty D7CD D7CD69138

Qin Dynasty Shi Huangdi Autocracy Centralization Legalist – uniform laws, currency, weights and measures Great Wall – work…or Die Legalism – harsh laws to maintain order Yin/Yang – feminine and masculine qualities, natural rhythms of life Terra Cotta warriors

GREAT WALL cure/6VQN67CM8TFYM6SP2NM0 Z572D4;s=DC847CF24485FE3B5 D51A8ED7CD69138

Han Dynasty

Establishes a centralized govt. Confucian principles Complex bureaucracy with scholar leaders Lowers taxes, softens harsh punishments Brings peace and stability Civil service exams brought back Created paper, ceramics, advanced silk weaving Established Silk Road One month of labor or military service each year Built roads, canals, irrigation ditches, etc… Family Many children Women treated well and influential, but subordinate to men Arranged marriages Wealthy sons could join the govt., daughters married wealthy

Silk Road  Stretched from China to Rome

Collapse of Han Govt. corruption and instability Too large to govern effectively Invasions (Mongolians) Social inequality (rich/poor gap) Conquered people were encouraged to assimilate into Chinese culture Agriculture is the most important job Chinese farmers sent into newly colonized areas Taxes paid by peasants and merchants Poor inheritance laws Forced division, created high debts = loss of land = higher taxes Peasant Revolts Decline of morals/values Unemployment and inflation Decline of cities