Institutional Change and its Impact on the Poor and Excluded: The Indian Decentralisation Experience D Narayana, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum,

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Institutional Change and its Impact on the Poor and Excluded: The Indian Decentralisation Experience D Narayana, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, INDIA

OECD Conference2

3 Salient Features of Local Governance Persons chosen by direct election to fill seats Seats shall be reserved for SC/ST One-third the number of seats reserved for women Offices of chairperson shall also be reserved for women/SC/ST Shall plan for economic development and social justice

OECD Conference4 Institutional Change for Participatory Democracy Representation for socially and gender disadvantaged Gram Sabha (village assembly) has to approve plans and budgets In conception Panchayats are local self governments In practice size and structure of Panchayats vary across Indian states Devolution of functions, powers, and resources vary Some are truly local governments; some mere agents

OECD Conference5 Research Questions Do women, the socially excluded, like scheduled castes and tribe, and the poor actively participate in the LSGIs? What are the determinants of their participation? What are the policy conclusions? Question is addressed by taking three states: Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh Falling into three distinct size structure of LSGIs

OECD Conference6

7 Lower Participation by Women F Literacy (%<5 years schooling) -MP(70), TN(30), KER(20) -GG: MP(20), TN and KER (0) F NP Readership: MP(7), TN(49), KER(69) -GG 20,10,10 SHG membership: MP(15), TN and KER (>30) -Regular meetings: 0, 67, 75 -%Discussing PRI: 0, 3, 55 Membership of Political parties: 2,1,11 -GG: 0,30,17

OECD Conference8 Participation by SC/ST vs. Others Literacy: MP, TN- no difference; KER- SC lower NP Readership: MP, TN- no diff.; KER- SC lower MP, TN: ST/SC on par with OBC economically SHG membership: MP- ST OBC,FC Political Party membership: MP, TN- no diff; KER- SC>>OBC,FC

OECD Conference9 Participation by the Poor vs Rich F Literacy: MP- no difference; TN, KER- Poor < Rich; F NP Readership: MP- low for all; TN- poor<rich; KER- poor<<rich SHG membership: MP- poor<<rich; TN,KER- no difference Pol Party membership: MP- no difference; TN- poor >rich

OECD Conference10 Participation of the Poor and Excluded Literacy and NP readership is necessary but not sufficient to ensure participation A vibrant civil society does not necessarily lead to higher participation A vibrant political society leads to higher participation Lack of political mobilisation leads to the exclusion of the poor and elite capture Size of local governments has no influence but structure has