African Civilizations

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Ghana ~3rd Century CE, become wealthy off taxing the trade of gold for salt Islam adopted ~ 10th Century

Fall of Ghana Invaded and weakened - 1076 CE By 13th Century overrun

Mali Founded by Sundiata, leader of a tribe who broke away from Ghana tttt Founded by Sundiata, leader of a tribe who broke away from Ghana Economic foundation was agriculture, as well as gold mines

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Mansa Musa Ruler of Mali known for his Hajj Brought the attention of the world to Mali

Architecture and Timbuktu Islamic Architects come to Mali and create unique style Timbuktu becomes a great city of 50,000+ with a famous Mosque, University and Library

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Songhai 1450-1600 C.E. Largest West African State Revolted against Mali rule and conquered Timbuktu around 1450, gained control of trade routes Muslim Dynasty Civil War and invasions lead to downfall

Benin Rain Forest dwellers Traded in Ivory, Pepper and eventually slaves Early 1500s Portuguese contact

The Kingdom of Aksum

Rise of Aksum South of Kush on Red Sea Located on a Coastal plain Spoke Ge’ez 1 of 1st written languages of Africa

Aksum Rich farmland Grew wheat and barley Controlled Red Sea trade Strong navy Traders from inland brought gold, ivory, and slaves Used money By 300 C.E. grew wealthy

King Ezana Conquered the Kush in 350 C.E. Converted to Christianity Made it official religion

Decline 600s C.E. Muslims begin to invade 700s Muslims conquer territory around Aksum Including Aksum’s port city of Adulis People of Aksum retreated to Ethiopian Highlands

Kingdom of Ethiopia

Rise of Ethiopia 1100s C.E. remainders of Aksum est. new Kingdom 1150 - Zagwe Dynasty

~1150 Zagwe Dynasty King Lalibela built the churches carved from rock

1270 –1974 Solomonid Dynasty Fought religious wars to conquer Islamic and Jewish territory (Beta Israel and Muslim Kingdom of Adal)

East African City States

Bantu tribes left the central African Tropics about 1000 B.C.E. Spread their population and knowledge (iron working and farming) throughout Southern Africa

Eastern Africa City-States The Indian Ocean Monsoons go from the southwest from April to October and from the northeast from October to April. Trade network developed b/w India and East Africa

East African Ports become wealthy Mogadishu Mombasa Kilwa Sofala

Trade From Africa From India/China Glassware Porcelain Silk cotton Coconut oil Copper Leopard skins Ivory Gold Slaves

Blending of African and Islamic Culture Swahili Blending of African and Islamic Culture Ex: Language: Bantu + Arabic = Swahili Architecture

Great Zimbabwe Interior of Africa ~1100s Middleman of Africa Located between gold mines/ivory hunters And Port cities

Great Zimbabwe Minimal info from archeological digs Disappeared about 1400 Replaced by the Mutapa Empire (to the North) in 1400s