What is History?

First Peoples; First Farmers From PRE-history to CIVILIZATION 8000 BCE-600 CE PERIOD ONE APWH First Peoples; First Farmers

First People – First Farmers Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments Egalitarian societies Developed sophisticated technologies Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The term Big Geography draws attention to the global nature of world history. Throughout the Paleolithic period, humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. By making an analogy with modern hunterforager societies, anthropologists infer that these bands were relatively egalitarian. Humans also developed varied and sophisticated technologies. Paleolithic period – humans migrated out of Africa and adapted to new environments Egalitarian societies Developed sophisticated technologies What key points should we take from this key concept?

Nomads: Follow the Food

Foraging Societies Foraging is hunting and gathering Small groups nomadic groups that follow food At the mercy of nature Natural phenomena could endanger entire communities Few possessions

Pastoral Societies Domestication of animals Mostly in mountain regions and in areas that could not support crops. Supplemented with small scale agriculture Mostly egalitarian Concept of extended family

Pastoral cont. Social class based on size of herd Few possessions

Key Dates 250,000 BP - Physical modernity 100,000 BP - Out of Africa 10,000 BP – end of Ice Age 10,000 BP – farming BP = before present = years ago Neolithic Revolution Agricultural Revolution

8,000 – 3,500 B.C.E. Neolithic (New Stone Age) Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Early Stone Age Late Stone Age Middle Stone Age Times vary for periods – Paleolithic –1.5 million 0- 11,000 years ago From most basic stone tools to the end of the last ice age At the end of the last ice age – small and scattered groups began to develop regional variations in their ways of life Mesolithic – early post-glacial period (11,000 – 5,000 B.C.E.) Early stages of donmestication Refined tools – pottery Semi-permanent settlements take hold as climate change reduced game-animal herds – don’t follow their food as much – collection to production Neolithic – 8,000-3,500 B.C.E. A marked stage of cultural development – technological and social Spinning, weaving, kilns and clay to make utensils, brick making, mining, smelting, More specialization led to greater social stratification More formal economy – sailboats= more long distance trade Government – laws – protection of private property Religion more formalized – established priesthood – specific religious roles The Last Ice Age 100,000 – 10,000 Years ago Gathering hunting peoples = hunting foraging bands AP Term! How did we go from fewer than 10,000 individuals 100,000 years ago to… LINK today?

And then they started to leave Africa… In Africa (250,00 – 100,000 BP) Adapt to range of environments Tools – stone, bone, hand axes Hunting and fishing Seasonal settlements Exchange of ideas/goods – 200 miles Symbolic behavior - Body ornaments and burials How did people survive before hunting and fishing? What is the advantage of moving around? Adapt in Forests, savannahs, deserts And then they started to leave Africa…

Eurasia Hunting Clothing Storage Venus Figurines 100,000 40,000 Bone needles – layered doting Spears, bow and arrow Cave paintings

Australia 1st boats Local plants and animals Dreamtime Pituri 60,000 Dreamtime – outlook on world Creation of rivers/rocks by ancestral being How people came to live in regions Everything in natural world has a vibration – link to past, particular region… Pituri - extensive trade networks that extended from northern to southern desert areas, Used to trap animals at water holes 

Americas Bering Strait or West Coast? Large animals * environmental 30,000-15,000 Bering Strait or West Coast? Large animals * environmental Clovis point Diversification after ice age Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones

Pacific From Philippines and New Guinea Ocean going canoes 3,500 years ago From Philippines and New Guinea Ocean going canoes Brought domesticated plants/animals Stratified Extinction of animals – flightless birds – moa Stratified society - Chiefdom Pacific

Paleolithic Societies Social Organization Small (20-50) kinship Egalitarian – no permanent leaders, wealth (insulting the meat), skill set, women and men (70%-30%) Agricultural More free time – work less than Neolithic societies Manipulate environment – fire (eucalyptus trees) large animals gone (mammoth flightless birds) Other hominids (Flores man, Neanderthal) Religious No full time religious leaders, rock art Lascaux, feminine mystique , animistic – animal, rock, tree spirits COT 25,000 smaller tools Africa 10,000 climate warms, more plants, settling = stored and accumulated goods , less egalitarian – some more talented or lucky 1,200-4,000 more tools, specialized tools – bow & arrow, pottery, canoes, paddles, more elaborate burial sites How did a gathering and hunting society impact the accumulation of surplus? How would this impact equality within a society?

Agricultural Development 12,000 – 4,000 year ago Separately and Independently Connection to ice age? 10,000 years ago – end of ice age

Settling Down: Neolithic Revolution (Not an actual fight or lunge for power)…

Agricultural Revolution = Neolithic Revolution Cultivation of plants and domestication of animals People don’t use what they find in nature, they change nature to get what they need Occurred separately and independently See page 28-29

Agricultural Societies Neolithic Revolution=Agricultural revolution Neolithic revolution when people began congregating and forming small villages Relied more on environment (soil and water) More sense of unity with sustained cultural interactions

Agricultural Soc. Cont. Idea of ownership of property Food surplus=specialization of labor Irrigation lead to even greater surplus Civilizations emerge

Impact of Agriculture on Environment Farming villages changed environment by rerouting water, clearing land, and building cities Land and resources reconfigured to fit needs of growing civilization Animals used for both food and labor Metallurgy= reliable tools and weapons Latter part of Neolithic revolution=Bronze Age

Causes - spread of Neolithic Revolution Diffusion of ideas /technology Migration Disease Intermarriage Violence Impacts of Neolithic Revolution Technological improvements Pottery, plows, textiles, metallurgy, wheels Food surplus Population increase Specialization

Development of Complex Societies Surplus needed to allow specialization Hunting and Foraging Agriculture Complex Societies First complex societies 3500 BCE – 500 BCE

Questions Refer to pages 28-29 Which agricultural center did not spread agricultural knowledge much beyond its core region? Where would you have expected this region to spread its use of agriculture?

Chiefdom vs. Stateless Societies Inherited power Control by gifts, charisma Priests organize projects Tribute collections – specialization Polynesian, N America Stateless Gender equality Specialization – little inequality Group decision making through lineage Some social stratification- but not inherited Çatalhöyük, Turkey, Tiv, Nigeria

Civilizations Competing chiefdoms Neolithic Revolution Surplus Large populations Specialization Large scale irrigation Powerful states Inequality Social stratification

Core and Foundational Civilizations Mesopotamia Shang Olmecs Nile River Valley Indus River Valley Norte Chico Independent, global, 3,500 B.C.E. – 1000 B.C.E.

Rise of Patriarchal Societies Describe rights of Egyptian women Warfare Taming nature More children and less resources Continues today Describe rights of Egyptian women

Primary Source Reading Rise of the State Purpose of states Conflict between peoples Large scale irrigation Warfare and protection Source of Power China – son of heaven Stewards of local god Ability to collect and distribute tribute Force is possible Primary Source Reading

Mesopotamia 3,000 B.C.E. – 100,000

Temple “Mountain of the Gods 80% Urban Ziggurat at Ur Defensive Walls

Legal System The Code of Hammurabi Established high standards of behavior and stern punishment for violators lex talionis – “law of retaliation” Social status and punishment women as property, but some rights

Cultural Hearths – centers of innovation, where key cultural traits develop and influence surrounding areas (writing, metullargy, astronomy, long-distance trade, math, specialization of labor, and formal governments ) Writing 5000 years ago Mesopotamia and Egypt Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics Thousands of hearths developed, but few advanced to become civilizations Egypt Mesopotamia Northern China Southeastern Asia Americas Sub-Saharan Africa