AN INTRODUCTION Critical academic writing

Academic writing and referencing Why is it important?  Academic course  2 years of written material  Aids communication of ideas  Aids understanding of claims to ‘knowledge’  Instrumental (grades) What is it not?:  Journalism  Texting/ /slang Where can I seek assistance?:  Effective Learning Service (ELS)  t/coursework/ t/coursework/   Module tutors (feedback on assessments)

Justifying ourselves There can be no doubt that sporting events have a valuable role to play in promoting a city. We all know that sport is inclusive and everyone can participate so sports events must also be inclusive. Sports events also bring in lots of money and I think that we should be spending more on these things than on high arts and cultural events which only the upper classes attend. What is wrong with this statement?

Good practice exemplar Gratton & Taylor (1994), Horne (2000) and Henry (2001) have each argued that policy makers should invest in attracting spectator-driven sports events to their cities because they help generate more significant economic returns than their cultural counterparts. Moreover, recent studies suggest that sporting events are more socially inclusive than arts festivals (Smith, 2005; Garcia, 2006; Jones, 2007).

Making the argument (1) The Henry I.P. (2001) reading on page 2 recognises that “the delivery of leisure services…has largely been the role of local government” and it is at this level that the promotion of a local identity can be most effective. Through the use of Lowi’s (1972) ‘redistributive policies’ leisure events can have an identity and indeed morale, boosting effect for targeted geographical areas.

Making the argument (2) Henry (2001: 2) recognises that “the delivery of leisure services…has largely been the role of local government” and it is at this level that the promotion of a local identity can be most effective. Through the use of Lowi’s (1972) ‘redistributive policies’ leisure events can have an identity and indeed morale-boosting effect for targeted geographical areas.

Paraphrasing – good practice Festivities offer an immensely rich seam of study for identity practices. Festivals can encapsulate the identity of the nation state (Edensor, 2002; Mach, 1992), the means of nation building (Cohen, 1998; Reichel, 1999), the identity of a sense of place (Duffy, 2000; Foley, 2003; Foley & McPherson, 2003; Prentice & Andersen, 2003), social identities (Costa, 2001, 2002; Kneafsey, 2001), and, the personal and heterogeneous identities of a people (Daniels, 1999; Kates & Belk, 2001)

Direct quotations As Kasimati (2003) points out, historically most economic impact studies were likely to be commissioned by proponents of the bid. For this reason these studies tend to suffer from "underestimated costs and overestimated benefits" (Whitson and Horne, 2006: 54)

Prepare, draft, re-draft Take time to plan your assignments properly and draft/re- draft before submitting Use a referencing management package (e.g. Refworks ng=false ) when reading and undertaking literature reviews ng=false Structure is everything (Introduction, main body, conclusions) Avoid grammatical, spelling and typographical errors – this is evidence of poor preparation Proof-read your post – or ask someone else to do it for you

Harvard style A method of acknowledging other people’s work Uses an ‘in-text’ citation:  E.g. McGillivray (1999) argues that…  Events are a source of identity for individuals and communities alike (McGillivray, 2003) AND an end of text reference:  McGillivray, D (1999) Sport and Social Cohesion, London, Sage  McGillivray, D & McIntosh, A (2005) An Idiots Guide to Referencing, Glasgow, Routledge

In-text citations Single Author Hylton, K 2002 pp16 Hylton (2002: pp16) Kevin Hylton pp16, 2002 Multi-Author Smith, James and Jones, Stuart 2000 Smith & Jones (2000) James Smith & Stuart Jones (2000)

Test – Referencing books Edition Title Place Date Publisher Author What is the right order for the full reference list?

Test – Referencing books Author, Date, Title, Edition, Place, Publisher Yeoman, I et al (2004) Festivals and Event Management: An international arts and culture perspective, 2 nd Edition, London, Butterworth-Heinemann  Yeoman et al (2004) or (Yeoman et al, 2004)

Test – Referencing books Author, Date, Title, Edition, Place, Publisher Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S & McMahon, Beattie, U (eds) (2004) Festivals and Event Management: An international arts and culture perspective, 2 nd Edition, London, Butterworth-Heinemann  Yeoman et al (2004) or (Yeoman et al, 2004)

Test – Referencing journals Volume Article Title Part (Number) Date Author (s) Journal Title Pages What is the right order for the full reference list?

Test – Referencing journals Author (s), Date, Article Title, Journal Title, Volume, Part (Number), Pages Gratton, C, Shibli, S & Coleman, R (2006) ‘The economic impact of major sports events: a review of ten events in the UK, Sociological Review, 54 (2):  Gratton et al (2006) OR (Gratton et al, 2006)

Questions?