Unit VII: Urbanization

Urbanization’s History Urban (city limits) + suburbs tied to central business district = Metropolitan Statistical Area % people living in urban settings: 1800: 3% 1850: 6% 1900: 14% 1950: 25% 2000: 47% 2015: ?

Review Urban Hierarchy Hamlet (could be just 8 homes!) Hamlet (could be just 8 homes!) Village Village Town Town Specialized Cities Specialized Cities Mega-Cities Mega-Cities World City World City London, Tokyo, NYC (1 st tier) London, Tokyo, NYC (1 st tier) Central Place Theory Central Place Theory Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements. (1933 [German] geographer Walter Christaller- studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany) 1 st Agricultural Rev. (Neolithic Rev.)  1 st Agricultural Rev. (Neolithic Rev.)  First cities  social stratification First cities  social stratification Dev. of secondary/tertiary sector activities Dev. of secondary/tertiary sector activities

Industrial Period 19 th Century – HUGE growth of cities due to (review) : 19 th Century – HUGE growth of cities due to (review) : Indus Rev. and capitalism Indus Rev. and capitalism 2 nd Agricultural Revolution 2 nd Agricultural Revolution Demographic transition Demographic transition

Late 20 th / 21 st Century Urban Trends Crescent-shaped zone of early urbanization extending across Eurasia from England to Japan (If you include eastern USA it should be called “urban snake!”) Urban Banana: Crescent-shaped zone of early urbanization extending across Eurasia from England to Japan (If you include eastern USA it should be called “urban snake!”) Late 20 th -21 st Century Increase in service jobs + higher standard of living/affordable cars + Interstate Highway System = commuting  development of suburbs Suburbanization - 50 percent of Americans live in suburbs Diversified economic base for each city “Edge cities” develop (no need for CBD travel)

Suburbs evolved from “sub” “urbs” to freestanding, self-sufficient entities. Joel Garreau – Edge Cities

Late 20 th / 21 st Century Urban Trends Problems with new trends? Urban sprawl Increasing mobility  decreases sense of community & increases pollution Traffic Congestion/Rush hour problems  telecommuting Degradation of wildlife habitat Semi-periphery/periphery urbanizing too rapidly (development can’t keep up)  “squatter settlements”

onlinegeography.wikispaces.com/S+-+Urban+Sprawl

John Borchert Recognized four epochs in the evolution of the American metropolis based on the impact of transportation & communication: 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch ( ) – associated with low technology 2) Iron Horse Epoch ( ); steam-powered locomotive & spreading rails 3) Steel-Rail Epoch ( ); full impact of Ind. Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch ( ); gas-powered internal combustion engine High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion of service & information industries (not part of Borchert’s model)

U.S. Urban Growth Stages

Urban areas in LDC v. MDC 8/10 largest cities in LDC & growing (NYC and Tokyo only ones in MDC) Core are very urban 70-80% also Latin America & Russia (L.A. more urban than E. Europe) Fastest growing megacities are in South and East Asia Africa lowest % urban BUT fastest urban growth 300+ cities w/ 1 million+ people

Percent Urban by Region Fig. 13-2b: Over 70% of people in MDCs live in urban areas. Although under half of the people in most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

Specialized cities One/two industries/services dominate = “Functional Specialization” ex: Old-time Chicago (beef, wheat, timber…) today Laurent, South Dakota ex: Dalton Ga. = carpet manufacturing ex: Lost Wages… Las Vegas, NV. Why do modern cities want a diversified economic base? Fact: As cities grow Functional Specialization decreases.

World Cities Control centers for major decision- making/economic interests Control centers for major decision- making/economic interests Economics (NY, London, Tokyo) Economics (NY, London, Tokyo) Political: (D.C., Brussels = EU, NYC = UN) Political: (D.C., Brussels = EU, NYC = UN) Fashion (Milan) Fashion (Milan)

Here's the world city hierarchy within the US:

Rank-Size Rule Rank-Size Rule: n th-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services.

Rank Size Rule Notes the relationship between the ranks of cities and their populations. Top Cities in Canada 1. Toronto5,741, Montreal3,859, Vancouver2,391, Calgary1,242, Ottawa1,239,100

Rank Size Rule Example: 1.Largest City1,000, nd largest City500, rd Largest City333, th Largest City250, th Largest City?

Rank Size Rule Example: 1.Largest City1,000,000(1/1) 2.2 nd largest City500,000(1/2) 3.3 rd Largest City333,333(1/3) 4.4 th Largest City250,000(1/4) 5.5 th Largest City200,000(1/5)

Primate Cities A country's leading city is always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. - Mark Jefferson, 1939

What advantages do primate cities have? Hugely influential Culturally Politically Economically Huge number of economic activities Agglomeration of industries Pull factors for migrants

Primate City Rule #1 city is MORE THAN 2x pop. of #2 city Core: UK and France Periphery: Nigeria, Argentina, Mexico Problems w/ countries w/ primate city No uniform development People have access to goods/services t/o country?? Solution  Forward capital – moving the capital to achieve a certain goal Abuja, Nigeria Brasilia, Brazil Achieve more even development of the country

4 More Dumb Models That Hurt Your Head: Models of Urban Structure That Hurt Your Head That Hurt Your Head

1. “Concentric Zone Model” Burgess’s rings expand outward. Model of segregation? Burgess’s rings expand outward. Model of segregation? 1 st Ring: Nonresidential (Businesses locate) 1 st Ring: Nonresidential (Businesses locate) 2 nd Ring: Factories/Industry/Poor Housing 2 nd Ring: Factories/Industry/Poor Housing 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th : see below 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th : see below Rings are diff. due to land values Rings are diff. due to land values

2. Sector Model - Hoyt

“Sector Model” Hoyt’s “expanding pizza” metaphor Hoyt’s “expanding pizza” metaphorexpanding pizzaexpanding pizza CBD w/ spokes CBD w/ spokes Each has diff. levels of dev./housing Each has diff. levels of dev./housing Each centered around mode of infrastructure Each centered around mode of infrastructure Ex: Atlanta Ex: Atlanta Pizza slices expand w/ the infrastructure Pizza slices expand w/ the infrastructure “Other side of the tracks” “Other side of the tracks” Very similar to Burgess in sense of representing Chicago. Was Burgess student. Very similar to Burgess in sense of representing Chicago. Was Burgess student.

3. Multiple Nuclei Model – Harris & Ullman Lacks ONE strong core/CBD – has MULTIPLE nodes Lacks ONE strong core/CBD – has MULTIPLE nodes CBD losing its grasp over the whole city CBD losing its grasp over the whole city Ex: L.A. Ex: L.A. Areas w/ incompatible land NOT close together (e.g. housing & heavy industry Areas w/ incompatible land NOT close together (e.g. housing & heavy industry Driving Era Model Driving Era Model

4. Urban Realms – Hartshorn (GA State) and Muller Problems w/ other models: People increasingly NOT working in CBD Multiple metropolitan areas interact – each area functions separately in some ways Outer cities became more self- sufficient (what do we call these cities?) Duplicate certain functions of central city Regional shopping centers become CBD’s of the outer nuclei Business/Industrial parks locating outside the central city

Problems In Urban Areas Racist Strategies to keep minorities out of certain areas  Redlining = (Banking) Blockbusting (Real Estate brokers and agents) Racial Steering (Real Estate brokers and agents)

Redlining A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Banks draw red lines on maps around areas they refuse to lend $$$ to Fear: minorities will move into a "nice" neighborhood  property values will go down Ghettoization resulted Today, redlining is officially illegal

Description of Ghettoization and White Flight Most “1 st Grade" neighborhoods have fallen a grade or two Most “1 st Grade" neighborhoods have fallen a grade or two Home buyers want NEW homes  migrate to newer suburbs further from CBD Home buyers want NEW homes  migrate to newer suburbs further from CBD Process repeats itself, decay in center grows even deeper Process repeats itself, decay in center grows even deeper

Blockbusting Offering an African-American a house in a white neighborhood at low price Offering an African-American a house in a white neighborhood at low price White owners told their neighborhood was about to "tip" – become minority- dominated White owners told their neighborhood was about to "tip" – become minority- dominated Agent represents sellers Agent represents sellers Result = “White-flight” to the suburbs Result = “White-flight” to the suburbs

Racial Steering Steering prospective homebuyers to neighborhoods b/c of similar ethnicity Sometimes good-intentioned Done covertly justified by showing people houses in a particular school district

Racial Steering, Blockbusting, and Redlining All Three … Result in segregation and ghettoization Are illegal & result in criminal and civil punishments

Gentrification Middle class moves into inner city & fixes up housing Why? City life Cities are heterogeneous Cheaper houses Unique architecture Proximity to jobs  NO COMMUTE Attracts mostly single people, gays/lesbians, & DINKS Harlem, NYC, Baltimore, DC

Suburban Areas Peripheral Model Urban area = Inner CBD Suburbs (diff. income levels) surround CBD (these suburbs turn into…???(Boomburbs, exurbs…) Offices, malls, etc. mixed in to service people All tied together by “beltways” (I285, 575) Density gradient (pop density) decreases as distance from CBD increases Benefits from suburban life? Less crime Better education More individual space  yard, garage, large house Less traffic Problems? Urban sprawl Creates segregation (Zoning laws)

Urban sprawl Metropolitan Atlanta extends west to Alabama Almost to Tennessee Metropolitan Atlanta extends west to Alabama Almost to Tennessee

How can a local gov stop urban sprawl? Greenbelt Area around a city that is restricted from housing  must remain open space Prevents cities from merging into one another Restricts countryside from overdevelopment Encourages gentrification (housing prices go up though) Green Space Designated areas where trees, parks built to prevent more businesses/housing from locating there Zoning Laws/Ordinances Prevents mixing of land uses – no “adult stores” next to schools Criticism and Unintended Consequences What happens to land values?

Urban Styles around the World American v. European cities USA rich live in suburbs European wealthy in CBD w/ rural country homes Poor Europeans live in “high density” suburbs near the city Europe has high rise subsidized housing  concentrations of poor people create MAJOR problems (no-go zone in Paris) Poor Americans live in city in low density, spread out gov. housing Only 2% of USA in gov’t housing; Most of Europe = 30% USA’s subsidized housing is more dispersed, less and less funded over time

Peripheral Urban Areas Most put poor on edges of cities & rich in CBD Latin American = CBD w/ wheel-like spokes Often a grid-like org. due to Spanish w/ central plaza Squatter settlements (favelas, barrio…) on cities’ edges start as illegal temporary squatters = “disamenity sectors” If it was your decision: legalize/forcibly remove the squatters???

Latin American Cities – Griffin-Ford Model

Squatter Settlements (favelas, barrio…)

See a trend? Show intro to Incredible Hulk and extended scene from Slumdog Millionaire…

Islamic Cities Walled w/ mosque & open-air market in center Lots of courtyards & high walls Quarters reserved for Christians and Jews Middle East = oil companies lead to nucleation/agglomeration

Why such high walls w/o windows?

LAST HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SLIDE EVER… TEAR