EDTHP 115 3/24/03 Reminders: Exam #2 moved earlier -- from April 7 to April 4 Exam #3 moved later-- from April 30 to May 2 Mindy Kornhaber will come in on April 7 Eyes on the Prize will be shown Monday, April 21 (not Monday, March 24) Read Orfield for April 21, not this Wednesday Exam will cover material through next Monday (including Kozol reading, but not Dr. Pong)

What is the role of schools? Big Question: Do schools alleviate or reinforce social inequalities?

IQ Test What reflections do you have? Mechanism for Sorting and Tracking (homogeneous grouping) Led to curriculum differentiation Represents much about schooling in the 20 th century: History, Philosophy, Psychology, Ideology, Diversity Hereditarian vs. Environmentalist Views

New Challenges/Problems of the 1890s and early 1900s Immigration Industrialization Urbanization

Other connected social and educational concerns of early twentieth century Child labor Increased School Enrollment Diverse school population New types of work Bad health of citizens/sanitation in cities Uniformity of Curriculum Outdated Curriculum Rigidity of classroom instruction Differences in achievement between children Bad school facilities

General Goals of Progressive Educators 1.Schools should be adapted to the child, instead of adapting children to schools 2.The curriculum and instructional practices should be “modernized” –Away from the overly rigid, mechanized, “lock-step” instruction of the 1800s 3.Schools should meet the needs of the whole child—intellectual, physical, emotional 4.Schools should meet new needs of society

John Dewey 1890s 1930

Dewey’s Main Ideas A commitment to democratic education Authoritarian schools a disservice to society –Students should be free to test all ideas and values –Classrooms should be places where students learn to experience, engage directly in life activities, and learn to work together –Child-centeredness balanced with Subject- centeredness –Importance of scientific method

Pedagogical Progressives John Dewey ( ) –School and Society, 1899 –Education and Democracy, 1916 –Experience and Education, 1938 William H. Kilpatrick –The Project Method Progressive Education Association

Pedagogical Progressives Ideas Democratic environments Child-centered vs. subject centered Children should play an active role in determining content of their education

Administrative Progressives Ellwood P. Cubberley, Stanford Professor and Reformer (Scientific Management) 1.Take schools out of politics 2.Base education on science not tradition 3.Efficient management of schools 4.Differentiate structure 5.Classify and differentiate students 6.Assimilate immigrants 7.Education is part of the battle in international competition

Administrative Progressives’ Specific Reforms Administrative Reorganization IQ Testing and Classification of Students Curricular Differentiation (tracking) to “meet the needs of the individual student” –Including the addition of new courses –Career Counseling and Vocational Programs –Additions to structures of schooling—Junior High, Distinct High Schools

Social Reconstructionists George Counts –“Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order,” 1933 –Opposed overly “child-centered” education –Stance on “indoctrination”

Diversity in the Progressive Era Race Class Gender Perceived physical or intellectual ability Potential Vocation –Life adjustment education