Internationalisation - Challenges & Opportunities An Australian Perspective Gavin Sanderson

“We all need some foundation on which to stand; the question is how extreme and unchangeable is our formulation of what this foundation is” (Said 1995, p. 333). “A major challenge facing universities as they pursue the project of internationalising tertiary education is how to engage with an emerging politics of resentment in Australia, while they attempt to develop an organisational culture defined by multiculturalism and transnational relations” (Singh 1998, p. 12).

Key dimensional concepts Globalisation Internationalisation Nationalisation/ism

Locating the Australian context using imagery

Cartoonists’ images play an important role to “remind us of our hatred of boongs, chows, japs, wogs, poms and migrants in general” (King 1983) Locating the Australian context using imagery

(circa 2000)

Conceptualising globalisation Compression of space & time Global village Distant actions have local effects Ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes One Atmosphere, One Economy, One Law, One Community

Conceptualising globalisation Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., and Perraton, J. (1999). Global transformations: Politics, economics, culture. Cambridge, Polity. “ … a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions – assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact – generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power.” (p.16, bold added)

Conceptualising globalisation The world is going in one of three directions: 1/ Hyperglobalists – everything’s changing 2/ Sceptics – nothing’s changing 3/ Transformationalists – elements of 1/ & 2/ but trajectory is unclear

Conceptualising globalisation Top down – evil / unethical / undesirable? Bottom up – good / ethical / desirable?

Relationship between G11n & I18N I18N is a reflection of G11N I18N is an agent of G11N Internationalization is changing the world of higher education, and globalization is changing the world of internationalisation. (Knight 2004, p. 5).

Conceptualising internationalisation Weak – superficial Appadurai’s “weak” and “strong” internationalisation Strong – deep engagement and commitment Kokusaika The Japanese word ‘kokusaika’ means a process of “self-change” or “self-reform”. For the Japanese, ‘kokusaika’ implies that they change something about themselves due to international influences (Horie 2002).

Conceptualising internationalisation Working definition (mid-1990s to 2003/4): “The process of integrating an international / intercultural dimension into the teaching, research and service functions of the institution” (organisation focus) Jane Knight’s organisational “process” approach Updated working definition (2004) “The process of integrating an international, intercultural, or global dimension into the purpose, functions or delivery of post- secondary education” (sector focus)

A representation of the depth and breadth dimensions of the reach of internationalisation in Knight’s (2004) definition (Sanderson, 2006) Intercultural, international, and global flows of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values and ideas National level Sector level Institution level Breadth dimension of the reach of internationalisation Depth dimension of the reach of internationalisation

A representation of the actual extent of the depth and breadth dimensions of the reach of internationalisation (Sanderson, 2006) Intercultural, international, and global flows of technology, economy, knowledge, people, values and ideas Individual level National level Sector level Institution level Regional level Global level Breadth dimension of the reach of internationalisation Faculty/Department level Depth dimension of the reach of internationalisation Supranational level Within-institution level Limits of Knight’s (2004) depth dimension

References Horie, M. (2002). The internationalisation of higher education in Japan in the 1990s: A reconsideration. Higher Education: The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 43(1), King, J. (1983) A cartoon history of Australia. Adelaide, Savvas Publishing. Knight, J. (1999). Internationalisation of higher education. In H. de Wit & J. Knight (Eds.), Quality and internationalisation in higher education (pp ). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodelled: definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), Said, E. (1995) Orientalism; western conceptions of the orient. London, Penguin Books. Sanderson, G. (2006) Examination of a profile of the ideal lecturer for teaching international students. Adelaide: Flinders University Singh, M. (1998) Globalism, cultural diversity and tertiary education. Australian Universities Review, 41 (2), 12-17