© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan Contemporary Human Geography, 2e Lectures Chapter 10 Food and Agriculture

10.1 Origin of Agriculture Agriculture –Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain Crop –Any plant cultivated by people © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.1 Origin of Agriculture Hunters and gatherers –Small groups –Male–female division of labor –Daily food gathering –Mobility –Only ~250,000 today © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.1 Origin of Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. HUNTERS AND GATHERERS

10.1 Origin of Agriculture Crop hearths –Early centers of domestication © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CROP HEARTHS

10.1 Origin of Agriculture Animal hearths © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.1 Origin of Agriculture Why agriculture originated –Environmental factors –Cultural factors © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.2 Diet Factors affecting food consumption –Level of development –Physical conditions –Cultural preferences Total consumption of food –Kilocalories Most derived from grains © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WHEAT CONSUMPTION

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. RICE CONSUMPTION

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MAIZE CONSUMPTION

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. YAM CONSUMPTION

10.2 Diet Sources of nutrients –Protein © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PROTEIN BY SOURCE

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MEAT CONSUMPTION

10.2 Diet © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PROTEIN FROM MEAT

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Dietary energy needs –Needed average kcals: 1,800 kcals/day –Average global consumption: 2,780 kcals/day © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. HIGH CALORIE CONSUMPTION

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INCOME SPENT ON FOOD

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Undernourishment –Is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. EXTENT OF UNDERNOURISEMENT

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SHARE OF WORLD’S 800 MILLION UNDERNOURISHED PEOPLE

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CHANGE IN NUMBER UNDERNOURISHED

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. UNDERNOURISHMENT

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger Africa’s food-supply struggle –Struggle to keep food production ahead of population growth –Food production per capita has changed very little in a half-century © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.3 Nutrition and Hunger © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. POPULATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN AFRICA

10.4 Agriculture Regions Subsistence agriculture –Practiced in developing countries –Provides food for direct consumption for farmer and family Commercial agriculture –Practiced in developed countries –Generates a surplus for sale off the farm to food- processing companies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.4 Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE

10.4 Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE

10.4 Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

10.4 Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture Farm size –Commercial agriculture Larger Smaller number of farms Mechanization Largest amounts of capital © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture Percentage of farmers in society –Developed countries ~5 percent engaged in agriculture –Developing countries ~50 percent engaged in agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LABOR FORCE ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture Use of machinery –Developed countries Heavy reliance on machinery rather than people or animals Mass-produced farm machinery Transportation aids commercial food distributions Scientific advances to increase productivity Electronics –GPS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FARMLAND PER TRACTOR

10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. USE OF MACHINERY

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions Shifting cultivation –Slash-and-burn agriculture Swidden, Milpa, ladang, chena, Kaingin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SHIFTING CULTIVATION

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions Pastoral nomadism –Herding of domesticated animals –Adapted to dry climates © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PASTORAL NOMADISM

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions Intensive subsistence –Practiced in areas with high agricultural densities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. RICE PRODUCTION

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions Plantation agriculture –Plantation Form of commercial agriculture in developing regions that specializes in one or two crops © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SUGARCANE PLANTATION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Mixed crop and livestock –Corn most common crop © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MAIZE (CORN) PRODUCTION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Dairy farming –Milkshed The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MILK PRODUCTION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MILK PRODUCTION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Grain farming –Primarily for human consumption –Located in regions that are too dry for mixed crop and livestock farming Example: Great Plains of North America © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WHEAT PRODUCTION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Livestock ranching Ranching: Commercial grazing of agriculture over an extensive area –Primarily practiced on arid or semi-arid lands –Contemporary ranching part of meat-processing industry © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MEAT PRODUCTION

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Commercial gardening and fruit farming –Truck farming –Predominant agriculture type in U.S. Southeast –Specialty Farming: Farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COMMERCIAL GARDENING

10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions Mediterranean agriculture –Exists on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea and other places that share a similar physical geography –Two most important crops: olives and grapes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.8 Fishing Fish production –Aquaculture (aquafarming) The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. AQUACULTURE

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FISH PRODUCTION

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FISHING

10.8 Fishing Fish consumption –In past half century fish consumption has doubled worldwide –Tripled in developing countries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MAJOR FISHING REGIONS

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PERCENT PROTEIN FROM FISH

10.8 Fishing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING AND AQUACULTURE

10.8 Fishing Overfishing –The capturing of fish faster than they can reproduce 90 percent reduction in some fish species © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth Strategies for increasing food producti vity –Expand agricultural land –11 percent of world’s land used for agriculture –Excessive or inadequate water makes expansion difficulty. –Expansion of agricultural land much slower than the increase of the human population. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. AGRICULTURAL LAND AND POPULATION GROWTH

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.) –Increase agricultural productivity Green Revolution technologies –Norman Borlaug –Green Revolution responsible for preventing a food crisis in developing countries in 1970s and 1980s. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, HOME OF THE “GREEN REVOLUTION ”

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.) –Improve food sources Higher protein cereal grains Palatability of rarely consumed goods © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SOY PRODUCT

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth Strategies for increasing food productivity (cont.) –Expand exports –Expand exports: trade in food has increased since –Three top export grains: wheat, corn, rice. –Four leading net exporters: Argentina, Brazil, the Netherlands, and the United States. –Four leading net importers: Japan, China, Russia, and the United Kingdom. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WORLD FOOD EXPORTS

10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population Growth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces Agribusiness –The system of commercial farming found in the developed countries Von Thünen model explains importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. VON THÜNEN MODEL

10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces Productivity challenges –Increased yield per cow (dairy farming) has tripled. –Surplus leads to low incomes. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DAIRY COWS

10.10 Commercial Agriculture Market Forces Government subsidies –Farmers are encouraged to produce crops that are in excess supply. –Government pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low. –Government buys surplus production. Sells or donates it –Developed countries: encouraged to grow less food –Developing countries: struggle to increase food production © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.11 Sustainable Agriculture Agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality. Sustainable agriculture and organic farming Rely on sensitive land management © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.11 Sustainable Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SHARE OF THE WORLD’S ORGANIC FARMING

10.11 Sustainable Agriculture © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FARMLAND IN ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE

10.11 Sustainable Agriculture Sensitive land management –Ridge tillage System of planting crops on ridgetops © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10.11 Sustainable Agriculture Limited use of chemicals Integrated crop and livestock –Head size and distribution –Animal confinement –Management in extreme weather –Flexible feeding and marketing © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Review Key Questions –What do people eat? –How is agriculture distributed? –What challenges does agriculture face? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.