1 Classification copyright cmassengale

2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

3 What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

4 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

7 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

8 Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

9 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

10 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

11 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

12 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

13 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

14 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

16 Delightful King Phil Came Over For Good Soup! copyright cmassengale

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18 Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains copyright cmassengale

19 ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Cell type-prokaryote-lacks a nucleus Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) – Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

20 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph

21 BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

22 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale Prokaryote-lacks a nucleus Cell walls with peptydoglycan-polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph

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24 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

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26 Protista Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some colonial Some colonial Some are autotrophic, Some are autotrophic, some heterotrophic copyright cmassengale

27 Protista Eukaryote Eukaryote Some cell walls of cellulose Some cell walls of cellulose Some chloroplasts Some chloroplasts Amoebas and Amoebas and Slime molds copyright cmassengale

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29 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeastunicellular Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

30 Fungi Eukaryote-has a nucleus Eukaryote-has a nucleus Examples: Examples: Mushrooms and yeasts copyright cmassengale

31 Plantae Multicellular Multicellular Some green algae are unicellular Some green algae are unicellular chloroplasts chloroplasts Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis- autotroph Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis- autotroph copyright cmassengale

32 Plantae Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose Eukaryote Eukaryote Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Mosses, ferns, flowering plants copyright cmassengale

33 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

34 Animalia Eukaryote Eukaryote No cell wall or chloroplasts No cell wall or chloroplasts Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals copyright cmassengale

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36 Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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38 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

39 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

40 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales Phylogeny-study of how living things and extinct organisms are related to one another copyright cmassengale

41 Cladogram Clade-a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor copyright cmassengale

42 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

43 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

44 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

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