Endocrine System ERIN YODER, ADAM FEUDALE, GARETT SOSNOSKI

Internal chemical communication system of glands that produce endocrine secretions

STRUCTURE Endocrine glands secrete their product (hormones) into bloodstream Lack anatomical continuity

FUNCTION Maintains homeostasis by releasing hormones Controls prolonged processes Growth & development Reproduction Metabolism

Classes of hormones based on chemical composition: Amine hormones Norepinephrine, prostaglandins Steroid hormones Peptide and protein hormones

Steroidal Hormones Triggers change in cell

Nonsteroidal Hormone Protein hormone Peptide hormone

ORGANS OF THE ENDOCRINE Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Pineal Hypothalamus Parathyroid gland Ovaries/Testes Adrenal Glands

Pineal Gland Small pinecone-shaped mass Posterior to thalamus Hormone: melatonin *INTERESTING FACT* Wearing red tinted sunglass helps increase melatonin production

Hypothalamus Location: superior & anterior to brain stem; inferior to the thalamus In charge of endocrine system Releases & inhibits hormones when needed

Pituitary Gland Small pea shaped gland Connected to inferior portion of hypothalamus Broken into the posterior & anterior pituitary

Posterior Pituitary Isn’t glandular tissue, made up of nervous tissue Oxytocin- triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and releases milk during breastfeeding Anti-diuretic hormone prevents water loss in the body

Anterior Pituitary The true glandular part of the pituitary Controlled by the hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Prolactin (PRL)

Thyroid Gland Butterfly shaped gland Located at the base of the neck Wrapped around trachea Calcitonin Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4)

Parathyroid Glands Four small masses of glandular tissue found on the posterior side of the thyroid Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)- released when calcium ion levels in blood drop below a set point

Thymus Gland Soft triangular shaped organ Found in the chest posterior to the sternum Thymosins- help during fetal development in childhood Becomes inactive during puberty

Adrenal Glands Pair of triangular glands found superior to the kidneys Outer adrenal cortex-produces cortical hormones Adrenal medulla-produce hormones to aid in times of great stress epinephrine norepinephrine

Pancreas Large gland found inferior and posterior to the stomach Made up of endocrine and exocrine tissue Endocrine cells found in islets Two types of cells –Alpha-glucagon: raises blood glucose levels –Beta-insulin: lowers glucose levels after meals Digestive glands break down food in pancreas

Testes Ellipsoid organs found in the scrotum Testosterone –Produced after start of puberty –Increases growth of bones and muscles –Increases hair production

Ovaries Almond shaped organs found in pelvic body of women Estrogen –Primarily sex hormone –Triggers breast development, bone growth, uterine development, pubic hair Progesterone –Allows women to have correct conditions to support a fetus Corpus Luteum -Forms when fertilization occurs -Helps maintain pregnancy by producing progesterone

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TOUR function-intro-to-the-endocrine-system.html#lesson

Hypothyroidism –Thyroid gland does not produce enough hormone to meet bodily needs –Can cause slow down or shut down of bodily functions Thyroid Cancer –Cells in the thyroid gland begin to grow uncontrollably –Most cases will form a tumor Diabetes –Most common endocrine disease in the United State –Body does not properly process glucose, due to the ineffective production of insulin

VIDEO SUMMARY ndocrinesystem/preview.weml

Bibliography html assn.org//ama/pub/physician- resources/patient-education- materials/atlas-of-human-body/endocrine- system.page endocrine-system.html crinesystem.html