APUSH Unit 6, Lecture 5 (covers Ch. 23) Ms. Kray (some slides taken from Susan Pojer)

 Analyze the Treaty of Versailles in terms of its relative weakness and the reasons behind its failed ratification.  Are the lecture you should be able to: List problems with the Treaty of Versailles Explain why the treaty was never ratified in the U.S.

 Headed by George Creel – America’s Propaganda Minister?  Anti-Germanism  Films, posters, pamphlets

 Espionage Act, 1917 – provided for imprisonment for up to 20 yrs. for either trying to incite rebellion in the armed forces or obstructing the operation of the draft  Sedition Act, 1918 – prohibited anyone from making “disloyal” or “abusive” remarks about the gov’t Eugene V. Debs sentenced to 10 years 2,000 convicted and jailed

 Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act  Free speech could be limited when it represented a “clear and present danger” to the public safety

 Enlisted people to serve as “agents” Check out activities of neighbors (open mail, tap phones, etc.)  “Hate the Hun” Campaign Attacked all things German German measles = Liberty measles Sauerkraut = Liberty cabbage

 John J. Pershing & AEF  Battle of Chateau-Thierry, June 1918  Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Sept  Modern warfare led to high casualty rates Trench warfare, mustard gas, u-boats, tanks, machine guns DEATHS: British  1 mil, French  1.7 mil, Germany 2 mil, Russia  1.7 mil, Austria  1.5 mil, USA  112,000

 “Peace without victory”  Detailed list of war aims presented to Congress in January 1918 Recognition of freedom of the seas No secret treaties An “impartial adjustment of all colonial claims” Self-determination for the various nationalities within the Austro-Hungarian Empire League of Nations to keep the peace*  Answer to the new Bolshevik gov’t in USSR Lenin = a competitor in leadership

Woodrow Wilson, USA David Lloyd George, Britain George Clemenceau, France Vittorio Orlando, Italy

 Idealism competed w/spirit of national aggrandizement USSR and Germany not invited Britain won’t even discuss free trade  Treaty of Versailles, 1919 Germany punished: “war guilt” clause, reparations, territorial losses USSR punished: lost more territory than Germany Self-determination largely ignored Italy and Japan did not gain all territory desired League of Nations established

Problems with the Treaty  Many want a return to isolationism  Violation of Monroe Doctrine?  Increased partisanship Wilson & Midterm Election of 1818 Republicans not consulted on peace negotiations

 Popular sentiment favored ratification  Lodge tried to slow the process  Amendments to the League Covenant

 Began 8,000 mile speaking tour to rally support for the treaty followed and harassed by the “Irreconcilables”  Sept 25, 1919  Wilson collapsed  Wilson urged Democrats to vote against treaty w/Lodge Reservations  Nov 19, 1919  Treaty of Versailles defeated in the Senate

5 Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. 5 Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. 5 July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WWI officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

 Postwar Recession, 1919  Coal Miner’s Strike of 1919  Boston Police Strike of 1919  Steelworkers’ Strike of 1919 Largest strike in American history Demanded 8-hr day & union recognition

“If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago Tribune

“Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York World

“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia Inquirer

 Series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country  6,000 arrested

 Sacco and Vanzetti

 New black attitudes Increased determination to fight for rights Economic expectations raised  In the South, lynchings increased in 1919  In the North, race riots East St. Louis, 1917 Chicago, 1919

 40 people killed, 500 injured