Chapter 18 Section 4 -Two Nations live on the Edge

Essential Questions: How did the Cold War continue around the world under Eisenhower and what policies did he follow? How did the Cold War continue around the world under Eisenhower and what policies did he follow? What was the Eisenhower Doctrine? What was the Eisenhower Doctrine? What type of policies were followed by new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev? What type of policies were followed by new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev? How did the launch of Sputnik affect the United States? How did the launch of Sputnik affect the United States? What was the military industrial complex and why did Eisenhower warn Americans about it? What was the military industrial complex and why did Eisenhower warn Americans about it?

Brinksmanship On November 1 st, 1952 the US detonated a Hydrogen Bomb it was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x that of Hiroshima) On November 1 st, 1952 the US detonated a Hydrogen Bomb it was 1million tons of TNT ( 67x that of Hiroshima) In August 1953 the USSR detonated its first H-bomb In August 1953 the USSR detonated its first H-bomb Ike’s Sec. of State was John Foster Dulles he was a staunch anti- communist, he felt the US should go to the brink of nuclear war to deter the USSR (Brinksmanship) Ike’s Sec. of State was John Foster Dulles he was a staunch anti- communist, he felt the US should go to the brink of nuclear war to deter the USSR (Brinksmanship) Fall-out shelters/Duck and Cover Fall-out shelters/Duck and Cover

Cold War Covert Actions In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars to oust the leader of Iran and replace him with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields) In 1953 the CIA gave millions of dollars to oust the leader of Iran and replace him with the Shah of Iran ( Oil-fields) In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election in the Philippines In 1953 the CIA intervened in an election in the Philippines In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Guatemala and instituted a military dictator Castillo Armas In 1954 the CIA helped overthrow Jacobo Arbenz Guzman leader of Guatemala and instituted a military dictator Castillo Armas IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US Allies and interests yet weaken opponents IKE relied on the CIA to bolster US Allies and interests yet weaken opponents Director of the CIA was Allen Dulles Director of the CIA was Allen Dulles

Summit in Geneva  In 1955 the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact to counter West Germany’s joining of NATO  Cold War Thaw???  After Stalin’s death in 1953 Cold War Tensions relaxed somewhat  In July 1955 IKE met with Khrushchev in Geneva, Switzerland  IKE’s open skies proposal was not excepted, but “the Spirit of Geneva” was a step toward peace

The Suez War In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the Aswan Dam, Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt leader attempted to get $ from the US and USSR, the US pulled out of supporting Egypt In 1955 Egypt wanted to build the Aswan Dam, Gamal Abdel Nasser Egypt leader attempted to get $ from the US and USSR, the US pulled out of supporting Egypt Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal which was owned by the British and the French Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal which was owned by the British and the French Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened to help Egypt Israel, Great Britain, and France attacked Egypt in 1956, and the USSR threatened to help Egypt IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez Canal IKE Used the UN to issue a cease fire and withdraw resolution, Egypt got the Suez Canal

The Eisenhower Doctrine The USSR prestige in the Middle East rose because they supported Egypt in the Suez War The USSR prestige in the Middle East rose because they supported Egypt in the Suez War In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence in the Middle-East IKE asked the Congress for $ for military and economic assistance In January 1957, fearing Soviet influence in the Middle-East IKE asked the Congress for $ for military and economic assistance The Eisenhower Doctrine state the US would defend the Middle East against attack by a communist country The Eisenhower Doctrine state the US would defend the Middle East against attack by a communist country Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by the US to dominate the Middle East Egypt and Syria stated it was attempt by the US to dominate the Middle East

The US in Indochina While the US was fighting in Korea, the French were fighting against an independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh leader of the Indochina Communist Party While the US was fighting in Korea, the French were fighting against an independence movement led by Ho Chi Minh leader of the Indochina Communist Party Fearing “the Domino Theory” from the US poured $2.6 billion into the French war in Vietnam Fearing “the Domino Theory” from the US poured $2.6 billion into the French war in Vietnam

Vietnam II The French lost at Dien Bien Phu, a cease- fire was negotiated and the 17 th parallel was the division between Communist North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam supported by the US ruled by Ngo Dien Diem The French lost at Dien Bien Phu, a cease- fire was negotiated and the 17 th parallel was the division between Communist North Vietnam ruled by Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam supported by the US ruled by Ngo Dien Diem According to the agreement their was supposed to be elections in 1956 and reunification, but the US refused to sign the accord According to the agreement their was supposed to be elections in 1956 and reunification, but the US refused to sign the accord

The Hungarian Uprising Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback communism” where it existed Sec. of State Dulles wanted to “rollback communism” where it existed In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the Soviets crushed the uprising In 1953 East Germans rebelled, the Soviets crushed the uprising In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre Nagy formed a new government in which he promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary In 1956 Hungarians rose in revolt, Imre Nagy formed a new government in which he promised free elections, denounced the Warsaw Pact and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary In Nov Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 fled to the West and Nagy was executed In Nov Soviet tanks rolled in, 30,000 Hungarians were killed, 200,000 fled to the West and Nagy was executed Hungarians were disappointed in the US Hungarians were disappointed in the US

The Space Race On October 4 th, 1957 the USSR launched the first artificial satellite Sputnik “Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph) On October 4 th, 1957 the USSR launched the first artificial satellite Sputnik “Traveling Companion” (18,000 mph) Americans feared Soviet rockets (ICBMs) and possible attack from space Americans feared Soviet rockets (ICBMs) and possible attack from space Congress Passed the National Defense Education Act of 1958 which provided low cost loans for college and millions were given to state colleges for science programs Congress Passed the National Defense Education Act of 1958 which provided low cost loans for college and millions were given to state colleges for science programs After many humiliating defeats the US launched its first satellite Explorer in Jan After many humiliating defeats the US launched its first satellite Explorer in Jan. 1958

The U-2 Incident In 1955 the CIA began making secret high altitude over Soviet territory In 1955 the CIA began making secret high altitude over Soviet territory They were to be stopped but on May 1 st, 1960 Gary Powers an American Pilot was shot down over Soviet Territory They were to be stopped but on May 1 st, 1960 Gary Powers an American Pilot was shot down over Soviet Territory Ike denied that we were spying, but Khrushchev had proof and showed the world, Powers was sentenced to 10years in Russian prison Ike denied that we were spying, but Khrushchev had proof and showed the world, Powers was sentenced to 10years in Russian prison The Paris Summit was cancelled The Paris Summit was cancelled

IKE’s Warning During his farewell address in Jan IKE warned of “the Military Industrial Complex” During his farewell address in Jan IKE warned of “the Military Industrial Complex” He state it’s influence is everywhere and he expressed fears over the large arms industry( nuclear weapons and others) and large military establishment together He state it’s influence is everywhere and he expressed fears over the large arms industry( nuclear weapons and others) and large military establishment together According to IKE misplaced power will exist and it could endanger our liberties, economy and democratic process According to IKE misplaced power will exist and it could endanger our liberties, economy and democratic process The US kept spending for larger weapons systems and nukes, where does it end? The US kept spending for larger weapons systems and nukes, where does it end?