E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas

Electronic Warfare

“…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” - wikipedia.org

Electronic Warfare “…is the use of the electromagnetic spectrum to deny its use by an adversary.” - wikipedia.org Employs technology to interfere or jam an adversary’s communications system

Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs

A form of electronic warfare

Electromagnetic Bombs, or E-Bombs A form of electronic warfare Employs electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces

The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator

The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator Most popular of the various HPM, or high- powered microwave, devices

The Vircator Virtual Cathode Oscillator Most popular of the various HPM, or high- powered microwave, devices Vacuum tube

The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Wide “lethal” range

The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Wide “lethal” range Its electromagnetic pulse can be generated without the need for a nuclear explosion

The Vircator Deployed in a Bomb Has the ability to render useless any electronic equipment exposed to its pulse

Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices The Faraday cage

Defending Against The Vircator And Other HPM Devices The Faraday cage Prevents the electromagnetic field from gaining access to protected equipment

Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power

Vulnerability of The Faraday Cage Protected equipment must be linked with the outside world: data and power Data: fiber optics; power: ongoing problem

Gravity Newtonian Gravity

Gravitational Attraction of the Earth Object with weight fall down to the Earth Reason for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and other celestial bodies Responsible for keeping the orbits for planets

Newton’s Law of Gravitation F = the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two point masses G = the gravitational constant m1 = the mass of the first point mass m2 = the mass of the second point mass r = the distance between the two point masses

The closer the object is to the Earth, the stronger the gravity is. Object Falling Down

An example of a sports using gravity and acceleration

Problems with Newtonian gravity Describes gravity as an instantaneous force (violates speed of light) Difference between predicted behaviour and experimental observation of precession of Mercury’s orbit

General Relativity

Published by Einstein in 1915 Gravitation is not a force but curvature of spacetime

Spacetime Matter determines how space curves Curved space determines how matter moves.

Spacetime 4-dimensional combination of 3D space + time Curvature produced by mass, energy and momentum Can’t think of time as independent from space and motion

Some predicted effects Gravitational time dilation –Time runs slower in a deep gravity well –Confirmed by experiment Gravitational lensing –Light bends in gravity well

More predicted effects Expansion of the universe –Einstein didn’t believe,added “cosmological constant” fudge factor (similar to previous factors added to Newtonian gravity) –Later confirmed by Edwin Hubble! Black Holes - Einstein didn’t believe in them

Status Passes experimental tests given to it More advanced tests in progress Black holes still feel problematic Doesn’t talk about quantum effects Best so far but there will be better!

Loop Quantum Gravity

Quantum Mechanics Study of the very small Matter and energy quantized Discrete packets – “quanta”

The Problem Nothing about the structure of matter Nothing about how gravity is generated Global not local Black holes, the big bang

Loop Quantum Gravity Attempts to reconciles QM, GR Alternative to string theory Quantum space is granular, meters Spacetime links connecting these chunks

Loops Links form braided loops Loops are elementary particles

Twists determine charge Each twist 1/3 electron charge Clockwise negative Counter-clockwise positive Electron 3 clockwise twists Positron complement

The Universe Turbulent, fluctuates seconds A giant quantum computer The chunks are qubits Qubits preserve braids

Space does not exist Space is a web of information Humans are mere tangles No fundamental building blocks Matter emerges as network of relationships Loops not in space, loops are space Requires new quantum theory without background

Particle Ac c e l e r a t o r Generally relate to the weak and strong nuclear and electromagnetic interactions. 1.Generate and accelerate sub-atomic particles close (> %) to the speed of light 2.Smash them into fixed targets or other particles to generate significant energy densities 3.Gather data about which particles were generated 4.Optional - repeat experiment, shooting G.I. Joe’s with particles

Interactions table

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Types of Accelerators

Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, Illinois

Linac, Cyclotron, Storage Ring, and Experiment Halls

Hydrogen Bubble Chamber

LEP at CERN

OPAL Calorimeter

DELPHI TPC

Muon Detector

Experiment Conditions Gravity acting on experiments –Times of day –Seasons –Times of day #2 Mass in volts! –E=mc 2 an electron and a positron, each with a mass of MeV/c 2, can annihilate to yield MeV of energy. 1 GeV/c 2 = 1.783×10 27 kg Concrete –0.2mm change Electricity –Advanced Photon Source at Argonne requires ~18 megawatts of electrical power

Experiment Findings The energy density attained at LEP corresponds to a temperature of one trillion degrees, K –Universe took only a tenth of a billionth of a second, s, to "cool" to this temperature Evolution of the Universe since seconds after it began –Particles of matter and antimatter Existed in equal amounts Constantly annihilating to produce radiation and being recreated from that radiation. Universe was opaque All the fixin’s for a Blackhole –Not possible due to Hawking Radiation (??) –Cosmic Rays

Serious Names Microtron Advanced Photon Source Spallation Neutron Source Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Super Photon Ring Cyclotron Synchrotron Synchrocyclotron Betatron Bevatron 1940 University of Illinois accelerator naming contest entries: Inductron Rheotron Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron (German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron generator, hard work by golly-tron”) Bevatron

E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Q & A

References – E-Bomb astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html The Economist, 30 January 2003 The Electrical Nature of Storms, Donald MacGorman and W David Rust

Names – Loop Quantum Gravity Abhay Ashtekar Lee Smolin Carlo Rovelli Sundance Bilson-Thompson Fotini Markopoulou David Kribs

References – Particle Accelator

E-bombs, Gravity and Particle Accelerators Nature of Code / ITP October 2, 2006 Michael Ang, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Chris Kucinski, Jadie Oh, Roy Vanegas