MACROMOLECULES Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Functional Groups Chart

Functional Groups are small groups of atoms that cause certain molecules to perform differently when they are attached. The letter R in the chart to the right stands for “remainder,” which is the rest of the molecule. The R is where the functional group is attached. Functional Groups

Carbohydrates Structure Function In Your Diet Uses in Science and Life

Carbohydrates- Structure and Function - Carbos are made of smaller molecules called MONOSACCHARIDES - These small carbon rings fuse together by CONDENSATION (when two molecules bond at a functional group) - This functional group is called a HYDROXYL - Carbos can be broken down by DEHYDRATION (opposite of condensation) to release their stored energy. TYPES OF CARBOS ~ Simple sugars- Glucose, Fructose, Galactose ~ Disaccharides- Maltose (milk) ~ Complex sugars- Starch (plants), Glycogen (animals)

Functional Groups in Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, also known as sugars, are pretty simple out of the macromolecules. They are mostly used in their combied form as polymers for construction purposes. They are allowed to do this by the use of functional groups. The functional groups are usually a couple of atoms on the side of a macromolecule. Sometimes, these combine and give off H2O or a water molecule. By combining like this, the carbohydrates can form a chain like the one below used for structure.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are in virtually in every food on earth. Some example of carbohydrates are fruits, vegetables, and whole gain products. Carbohydrates can be both bad and good for a person. If carbohydrate are not eaten responsibility, along with other factors they can cause a person to become overweight. Although, if carbohydrates are eaten rational, they can be a wonderful source of energy for different.

The Scientific uses of CARBOHYDRATES -Carbohydrates are used in the manufacture of: -fabrics -photographic film -plastics -paper products -Starch is used in the preparation of foods for livestock and humans. -Cell coatings of connective tissue is lined by carbohydrates.

Lipids Structure Function In Your Diet Uses in Science and Life

Lipids- Structure and Function - Lipids are made of two types of components: Fatty Acids and a Phosphate group. * Saturated- fatty acid tails are straight and are stored more compactly (bad for you) * Unsaturated- fatty acid tails are “kinked” so they are stored less compactly (better for you) TYPES OF LIPIDS ~ Triglycerides- 3 fatty acids, one phosphate that make up most fats and oils ~ Phospholipids- 2 water-resistant (nonpolar) tails and one water-soluble head (polar) used in cell membranes Saturated Unsaturated ~ Hormones- fatty rings used to send messages to the body. Some examples: Cholesterol, Cortisone, Testosterone.

Functional Groups in Lipids Lipids do not use functional groups as much as the other macromolecules, but functional groups are still needed to form fats, oils, and phospholipids. These are made by the joining of three parts and the joining, of course, requires the use of functional groups. Fats and oils are made by three fatty acids, and phospholipids are made by two fatty acids and a phosphate.

Lipids Lipids, or fats, are sometimes thought of as dangerous and unhealthy for a person’s body. That is true, only when a person abuses foods that contain lipids, by over eating. Lipids can be found in such healthy foods as dairy products and meats. They also can be found in such unhealthy foods as sweets, potato chips, and numerous varieties of fried foods. Lipids are actually good for the body when they a consumed responsibility. When lipids are eaten, they help build body fat that is used in many different ways such as cushioning for internal organs.

The Scientific uses of LIPIDS -A common known lipid is a steroid, which include vitamin D and several important hormones. Some Hormones: ~Insulin (regulates blood sugar) ~Testosterone/ Estrogen (male/female sex hormones) ~Cortisone (used in medicine as a pain killer and skin-rebuilder) -Lipids are also sometimes found in the arteries of many humans. They are the result of an unhealthy diet. Lipids line the walls of the arteries, making blood flow difficult through them. -Much research is being done to further expand the knowledge of the disorders of the heart and circulatory system, as they are related to lipids.

Nucleic Acids Structure Function In Your Diet Genes and DNA

- Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called NUCLEOTIDES. - Nucleotides are made up of three components: a hexose sugar, phosphate group and Nitrogen-containing base. TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ~ DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid is used to store genetic information in the cell. ~ RNA- Ribonucleic Acid is used to carry genetic info from DNA to ribosomes when making proteins. ~ ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate powers the functions of the cells. - DNA is bonded together at the bases in a Double Helix formation by Hydrogen bonds. This causes it to be easily “unzipped” and ideal for crime solving through DNA fingerprinting. - The bases of DNA are: Guanine and Cytosine, that pair together, along with Adenine and Thymine which also pair. Structure of Nucleic Acids

DNA: A Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids are very important to all life on earth. They make up DNA, the double helix “information packet” that determines what a living thing is. DNA even determines whether or not an organism is a plant or an animal! The nucleic acids, or bases (adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C)) are used in DNA to code the information. And so, depending on what one of your DNA’s bases is, you may have either brown or blonde hair!

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are very difficult to find in foods. All foods have nucleic acids, but the amounts are so small that they (nucleic acids) are not noted on the food labels. Nucleic acids are one of the many foods that can slow down the aging process. Foods such as vegetables and soy products are great sources for nucleic acids.

The Scientific uses of Nucleic Acids -They have 2 functions: -pass on hereditary characteristics -trigger the manufacture of proteins -Scientists are studying Nucleic Acids in cells by studying how cells know in what location of the organism they are going to function (How do cells know what they want to be?). This problem occurs during embryology and the development of the fetus. -A Chromosome is a thread-like structure found in the cell nucleus that contains the nucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). -A Gene is a specific location on a chromosome that determines traits like eye color or hair color.

Proteins Structure Function In Your Diet Enzymes and Proteins in the Cell

- Proteins are made of monomers called Amino Acids. - Amino Acids are simple hydrocarbons that have functional groups on either end: a Carboxyl group and an Amino group. - When the Carboxyl of one joins with the Amino of another through condensation, it is called a peptide bond. Polypeptides (many peptides) are called proteins. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: ~ DNA passes genetic information to RNA. ~ The RNA finds a Ribosome in the cells and they bond. ~ The Ribosome finds the Endoplasmic Reticulum of the cell and builds the protein with bases in the cell cytoplasm based on the information provided by the RNA. ~ The Endoplasmic Reticulum twists the protein into the shape that it must be in order to do its job. Shape determines the function of most proteins. Structure of Proteins

Functional Groups in Proteins Proteins are made up of amino acids. And the only way to determine if a molecule is an amino acid is by it’s functional group. This is because the only similarity between all amino acids is that they have the same functional group. The way that these amino acids combine into a protein is also dependent on functional groups. As seen above, the amino acids only bond because the functional group on the end bonds to similar functional groups.

Proteins Proteins are a necessary part of the developmental process that each person goes through in life. Proteins help to develop muscles that are used to help a person to move and function. Proteins are found in meats, eggs, dairy products, of course fruits and vegetables and other foods. Proteins, in conjunction with a healthy diet and exercise, can help a person become strong and healthy.

-Antibodies of the human immune system are proteins -Proteins carry many vital substances throughout the body, for example, the protein Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries Oxygen. -They also transmit or express all hereditary characteristics that are controlled by genes. The Scientific uses of PROTEINS

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