May 2, 2014pg. 142 TG: review the layers of the atmosphere, analyze wind and the coriolis effect HW: answer foldable questions, air pressure reading and questions Warm-Up: Brainstorm What is wind? Are there different types of wind? In what direction does wind move? Why? How is the atmosphere like a sandwich?

Clouds and Layers of the Atmosphere Key Concepts

A Weather Predictor

UNDERSTANDING CLOUDS Clouds are usually the most obvious feature of the sky. They reflect weather patterns and play a role in what the weather does. They are sources of precipitation as well as affect the temperatures of our atmosphere. Clouds block incoming sunlight during the day, which cools the air, but they can also block outgoing radiation from the Earth, which can warm temperatures.

WHAT ARE CLOUDS Clouds are water, either small liquid water drops or tiny pieces of ice. Meteorologists rank clouds according to their height and whether they are puffy or flat.

HOW ARE CLOUDS FORMED Clouds form when the air rises and evaporation and transpiration occurs. As temperatures and air pressure drop, water droplets clump together causing condensation or a cloud. When the droplets are too heavy to float in the air they fall to the ground in the form of rain or snow called, precipitation.

CLOUD CLASSIFICATION Cirrus-high level clouds that have bases below 7,000 feet Cumulus- mid-level clouds that have bases between ,000 feet StrausStraus-low level clouds that have bases below 6,500 feet Vertical-tallest of all clouds that can go up to 60,000 feet.

CIRRUS High altitude and wispy Composed of ice crystals Thin with hairlike strands Some have a wavelike appearance Some have a sheetlike appearance Are usually thin allowing moonlight and sun to shine through

CUMULUS Contains ice crystals or rain Usually puffy Noticeable vertical development Have popcorn appearance Can be widely scattered or clumped Appears thick

STRATUS Lowest of the low clouds Appear as an overcast, but can be scattered Can be in layers

VERTICALLY FORMED CLOUDS Can produce lightning, heavy rains, hail, strong winds, and tornados. They are the tallest of all clouds and have an anvil shaped top due to the stronger winds at those altitudes.

Label the Cloud Types Below cirrus cirrostratus cirrocumulus altocumulus altostratus cumulus stratus cumulonimbus stratocumulus nimbostratus

The Atmosphere The Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds a planet.The Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds a planet. The atmosphere has many different layers.The atmosphere has many different layers. The Atmosphere keeps living conditions stable for life to occur.The Atmosphere keeps living conditions stable for life to occur. The layer of the atmosphere that we live in and that all weather occurs is called the __________.The layer of the atmosphere that we live in and that all weather occurs is called the __________. troposphere

What Makes Up the Atmosphere? The atmosphere is made up of many gases.The atmosphere is made up of many gases. Most of the air is made of Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%).Most of the air is made of Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%).

Nitrogen - 78% Most abundant gas in the atmosphere.Most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas.Nitrogen is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas.

Oxygen – 21% Oxygen is necessary for all animals (AND HUMANS) to live!Oxygen is necessary for all animals (AND HUMANS) to live! Most Oxygen has two atoms of Oxygen (O 2 ).Most Oxygen has two atoms of Oxygen (O 2 ). Oxygen with 3 atoms is called Ozone (O 3 )Oxygen with 3 atoms is called Ozone (O 3 ) Ozone helps reduce the amount of ultra-violet light AND RADIATION from the sun from reaching the surface of the Earth. (Protects Humans) Ozone helps reduce the amount of ultra-violet light AND RADIATION from the sun from reaching the surface of the Earth. (Protects Humans)

Carbon Dioxide -.036% Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is made up of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms.Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is made up of 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms. CO 2 is the gas that animals breath out and plants use to make sugars.CO 2 is the gas that animals breath out and plants use to make sugars. CO 2 is one of the gases that traps heat from the sun in our atmosphere (greenhouse gases.)CO 2 is one of the gases that traps heat from the sun in our atmosphere (greenhouse gases.) CO 2 is also produced by burning fossil fuels.CO 2 is also produced by burning fossil fuels.

Water Vapor Water vapor is water in its gaseous form.Water vapor is water in its gaseous form. In order for water vapor to make a rain drop it must be able to condense on a particle of dust.In order for water vapor to make a rain drop it must be able to condense on a particle of dust. Otherwise, the vapor remains a vapor.Otherwise, the vapor remains a vapor.

Composition of Air l There are many different types of gasses in the atmosphere l They include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other noble gasses l The gas that is most abundant is nitrogen

Humidity The amount of water vapor in the air. There is water vapor all around us!

Does Air Have Mass? You may think that air has no mass.You may think that air has no mass. But, air is made of atoms and molecules which have mass.But, air is made of atoms and molecules which have mass. So, air must have mass!So, air must have mass! Because air has mass, it also has other properties like density and pressure.Because air has mass, it also has other properties like density and pressure.

Air Pressure The result of the weight of air pushing down on an area.The result of the weight of air pushing down on an area. Molecules in the air push in all directions – down, up, and sideways.Molecules in the air push in all directions – down, up, and sideways. As you move up in the atmosphere, air pressure decreases.

Energy at the Surface Some energy reaches our surface and is reflected back into the atmosphere.Some energy reaches our surface and is reflected back into the atmosphere. Some is absorbed by land and water and changed into heat.Some is absorbed by land and water and changed into heat. The uneven heating of the surface of the Earth by the sun’s energy is called _________.The uneven heating of the surface of the Earth by the sun’s energy is called _________. weather

Bun Hamburger Tomato Lettuce Mayonnaise Bun Layers

Earth

Order of the Layers 1. Thermosphere 2. Mesosphere 3. Stratosphere 4. Troposphere

Facts 5. Coldest temperatures- 80 km 6. Hottest temperatures- Thermosphere 7. Temperatures increase in the Stratosphere and Thermosphere 8. Temperatures decrease through the Mesosphere

Troposphere l The layer of the atmosphere where weather occurs

Stratosphere l The layer of the atmosphere that contains ozone

Mesosphere l The layer of the atmosphere where most meteoroids burn up

Thermosphere l The hottest layer of the atmosphere that’s divided into two parts

Ionosphere l Thermosphere layer that bounces radio waves

Exosphere l Outermost layer of the thermosphere

Layers of the atmosphere l There are 4 layers in the atmosphere l They are the troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and stratosphere

Label the layers of the atmosphere below: 1._____________ - contains dust, moisture, weather. 2._____________ - contains protective ozone 3._____________ - coldest layer 4._____________ - contains auroras, high temperature but low heat Atmospheric Structure Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere

Review heat transfer

The transfer of heat by direct contact between objects (touching). cooking on a stove hot sand touching your feet Burning your mouth on a bite of pizza

Heat transferred by the movement of a liquid or gas from warmer areas to cooler areas. Examples: Wind, Boiling Water, Steam Convection also produces CURRENTS. –Remember convection currents

Radiation – The direct transfer of electromagnetic waves. Cannot see it, but can feel heat How does heat energy get from the Sun to the Earth? There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so it CANNOT travel by conduction or by convection. ? RADIATION

Transfer of energy between two objects that are NOT touching. EXAMPLES: The sun’s rays causing a sunburn. heat from toaster heat from a light bulb heat from a fire MICROWAVE!

2.3 SECTION OUTLINE SECTION OUTLINE The transfer of energy as heat can be controlled. conductor conduction insulator convection radiation Different materials are used to control the transfer of energy. Energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation. Types of Energy Transfer Continues until object temperatures are equal Conduction Energy transferred by direct contact Energy flows directly from warmer object to cooler object Can occur within one object Cycle occurs while temperature differences exist Convection Occurs in gases and liquids Movement of large number of particles in same direction Occurs due to difference in density Can transfer energy through empty space Radiation Energy transferred by electromagnetic waves such as light, microwaves, and infrared radiation All objects radiate energy

Heat Transfer Processes 1._____________ - Sun heats Earth’s surface in the form of rays or waves 2._____________ - Earth’s warm surface heats lower atmosphere by direct contact 3._____________ - heat is distributed by warm air rising and cold air sinking Radiation Conduction Convection

Chapter Review 1.What are the three major gases of our atmosphere? 2.What are the four layers of the atmosphere? 3.What are the three methods by which heat is transferred? 4.List ten types of clouds. 5. What are the three processes that make up the water cycle? Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere Radiation, Conduction, Convection Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus, Altostratus, Altocumulus, Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus, Stratus, Cumulus, Cumulonimbus Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation

Move to Wind

Draw a picture of what you think the atmosphere looks like.