Chapter 14 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Sui Dynasty ( C.E.) After the Han dynasty, turmoil lasted for more than 350 years (warring states period) Construction of palaces and granaries; repairing the Great Wall Military expeditions in central Asia and Korea High taxes and compulsory labor services 2 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Grand Canal Intended to promote trade between north and south China  Most Chinese rivers flow west-east Linked network of earlier canals  2000 kilometers (1240 miles)  Roads on either bank 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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The Tang Dynasty ( C.E.) era of unusual stability and prosperity Extensive networks of transportation and communications Equal-field system--land allotted according to needs Bureaucracy of merit through civil service exams Foreign relations  Tributary system became diplomatic policy 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty Transportation and communications  Extensive postal, courier services Equal-field system  20% of land, hereditary ownership  80% redistributed according to formula Family size, land fertility  Worked well until eighth century Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Bureaucracy of Merit Imperial civil service examinations  Confucian educational curriculum Most advance through merit  Educational opportunity widely available  Built loyalty to the dynasty  System remains strong until early twentieth century 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Tang Decline Governmental neglect: emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an Tang decline continues, last emperor abdicates 907 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Song Dynasty ( C.E.) Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts Military not emphasized Weakness: Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy Civil service leadership of military  Lacked military training  Unable to contain nomadic attacks  Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Song Dynasty, C.E. 12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, two crops per year Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals Soil fertilization, improved irrigation  Water wheels, canals 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Population Growth Result of increased agricultural production Effective food distribution system  Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14

Urbanization Chang’an world’s most populous city: two million residents  Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over one million ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

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Patriarchal Social Structures Increased emphasis on ancestor worship Foot binding gains popularity  Increased control by male family members Wu Zhao ( C.E.) 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Foot Binding 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Footbinding Wc&feature=related Wc&feature=related ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

Technology and Industry Porcelain (chinaware) diffused rapidly Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces  Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder was used in primitive weapons and diffused through Eurasia Printing developed from wood block to movable type Naval technology: "south-pointing needle"--the magnetic compass ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20

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Emergence of a Market Economy Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages  Flying cash (letters of credit) Development of independently produced paper money  Not as stable, riots when not honored Government claims monopoly on money production in eleventh century 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Cultural Change in Tang and Song China Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear Buddhism in China  Attraction: moral standards, intellectual sophistication, and salvation  Monasteries became large landowners, helped the poor and needy  Also posed a challenge to Chinese cultural tradition 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Wu Zhao  Buddhist powers were broken and replaced by Confucian ideologies  Reason: Buddhism was seen as undermining the family system (no tax, no army) and eroding the tax base by accumulating tax free land and attracting too many to be monks and nuns. Buddhism legitimized women’s participation in politics.  Wu Zhao: took control of the government and made HERSELF emperor with the support of Buddhism  Crackdown of Buddhism-scholars could paint Wu in a bad light so women could not get many rights ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

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Neo-Confucianism Keep Confucianism philosophies “Neo” (new) philosophy: get rid of outside influences and ideas because they are detrimental to Chinese society 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

China and Early Japan Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Shinto religion 31 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Institution of the Shogun Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 C.E. Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto Shogun: military leader of Japan 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Medieval Japan  Professional warriors of provincial lords  Valued loyalty, military talent, and discipline  Observed samurai code called bushido  To preserve their honor, engaged in ritual suicide called seppuku 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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