Ch 14. Wireless LANs
14.1 IEEE Specification for a wireless LAN – Cover physical and data link layers Basic service sets (BSS) and extended service set (ESS) BSS ESS
MAC Sublayer Architecture MAC in IEEE standard
Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) CSMA/CA – why not CSMA/CD? – A wireless station may not send data and receive collision signals at the same time – Collision may not be detected due to the hidden station problem (will discuss later) – Signal fading prevents a station of one end from hearing a collision at the other end Control frames – Request-To-Send (RTS): sent by the sender when it wants send a frame – Clear-To-Send (CTS): sent by the receiver when it receives an RTS and can receive the data
RTS/CTS Exchanges of DCF Network Allocation Vector (NAV) – RTS/CTS includes the duration of data transmission time – Stations affected by the transmission create a NAV timer to wait the end of the transmission
PCF Point coordination function (PCF) – Centralized, contention-free “polling” access – Use a shorter inter-frame space (PIFS) – Useful for time-sensitive service
Frame Format (RTS, CTS, ACK) Transmission type for addressing (See Fig. 14.9) Duration Sequence number of the frame
Transmission Type for Addressing
Control Frames RTS/CTS and ACK
Hidden Station Problem Station C cannot hear the transmission of station B (to A), and vice versa
Hidden Station Problem Solved by RTS/CTS exchange
Exposed Station Problem Station C can send to station D, but it is exposed to the transmission of station A (to B)
Exposed Station Problem Cannot solved by RTS/CTS exchange Normally, C does not transmit an RTS here. The figure shows that even if C transmits an RTS, it does not solve the problem
Physical Layers
14.2 Bluetooth Bluetooth: a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different functions such as telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers, coffee makers, and so on – Ad hoc network Piconet and scatternet
Bluetooth Layers (1) Radio layer – 10m range – 1 Mbps data rate – 2.4GHz ISM band, FHSS, GFSK modulation
Bluetooth Layers (2) Baseband layer (MAC) – TDD-TDMA (Time Division Duplex TDMA) – Single-Secondary Communication – Multiple-Secondary Communication Time for frequency hopping control
Homework Exercise in Chapter 14 – 11 – 12