Present & Future of Accelerators for Hadrontherapy A. Faus-Golfe IFIC-IFIMED June 20091IFIMED'09 Symposium

2 “Hadrontherapy” is a collective word “hadrons” are made of quarks carbon ion = 6 protons + 6 neutrons atom Proton or neutron quark “u” or “d” electron “e” It covers therapy with beams of particles made of quarks: neutrons protons pions helium, lithium, boron, carbon, oxygen … ions antiprotons June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June 20093IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June 20094IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years At the beginning most of the patients have been treated in research facilities, where parasitic beams were devoted for relatively short periods to the treatments. Only in the nineties dedicated based facilities have entered in use June 20095IFIMED'09 Symposium

6 Neutrontherapy at Berkeley 1935:Ernest and John Lawrence at the control of the 27-inch cyclotron R. Stone at the 60- inch cyclotron Single dee is 5-inch diameter June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

7 Protontherapy Hymer Friendell Bob Wilson Percy Bridgeman Harvard Founder and first director of Fermilab R.R. Wilson proposes the use of protons for teletherapy 1954 First irradiations in Berkeley 1961 New Harvard cyclotron irradiates patients June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

8 Protontherapy in Europe The modified synchrocyclotron Bőrje Larsson at Uppsala “On the Application of a 185 MeV Proton Beam to Experimental Cancer Therapy and Neurosurgery” Doctoral dissertation ( ) June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

9 Ion therapy – Cornelius Tobias SuperHILAC Bevatron UNILAC June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

10 30 years of pioneering protontherapy in physics labs Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryUSA1954 Uppsala Sweden1957 Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory (*)USA1961 Dubna Russia1964 Moscow Russia1969 St. Petersburg Russia1975 Chiba Japan1979 Tsukuba Japan1983 Paul Scherrer InstituteSwitzerland1984 (*) 9,116 patients were treated with protons before the laboratory closes in June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

: the turning years 1993 Como, Italy First International Symposium on Hadrontherapy 1992: Loma Linda treats first patient with protons 1993:MGH selects IBA for first commercial centre 1993:At GSI the ‘pilot project’ is approuved 1994: HIMAC treats the first patient with C ions June 2009IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Present of Hadrontherapy Nowadays proton therapy is a mature field, many firms are competing to offer more and more reliable proton facilities and also the production of accelerators for light-ion therapy is rapidly increasing June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Hadrontherapy in the world June IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Present Accelerator Technology  Proton Therapy  Cyclotron based  Synchrotron based  Ion Therapy  Synchroton based June IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June IFIMED'09 Symposium

 5 companies offer turn-key centres PT center in operation PT is booming June IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Accelerator is a very small part of a PT center  A Proton therapy system is much more than an accelerator  It is most often a complex, multi-room treatment system  The treatments rooms are larger than the cyclotron/synchrotron vault  Half of the total investment is for the equipment June IFIMED'09 Symposium

A typical Cyclotron PT center Cyclotron Irradation systems: Rotating Gantries Irradation systems: Fixed Beam Transport 4 m June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotons marked the PT Cyclotron Proton Therapy Centers June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotrons for PT  In the 90’s the consensus was that the best accelerator for PT was a synchrotron  However today the majority of the PT centers use the cyclotron technology (IBA, Varian, Still Rivers…)  Over these 15 years, users appreciated the advantages of cyclotrons:  Simplicity  Reliability  Lower cost and size  Most importantly the ability to modulate rapidly and accurately the proton beam current  But fixed energy… June IFIMED'09 Symposium

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Synchrotrons for PT  Slow Cycle Synchrotron  Variable energy operation  Modified Flat-Top operation  Easy dose management  Relatively low intensity  Some PT centers use the synchrotron technology (Hitachi, Mitsubishi…), but all the IT centers use synchrotron  Possibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator June IFIMED'09 Symposium

PT/IT centers in Japan based on synchroton H: HITACHI M: MITSUBISHI June IFIMED'09 Symposium

A typical Synchroton PT center 7 m Courtesy of HITACHI (Slow Cycle) June IFIMED'09 Symposium

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PT Centers in Europe PSI Villigen CPO Orsay PNPI St. Petersburg NCRH Krakow TSL Uppsala INFN-LNS Catania RPTC Munich WPE Essen Worth mentioning: IFIMED Valencia, ATREP Trento … June IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Synchrotrons for IT  Slow Cycle Synchrotron  Variable energy operation  Modified Flat-Top operation  Easy dose management  Relatively low intensity  All IT centers use the synchrotron technology  Possibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator June IFIMED'09 Symposium

A typical Synchrotron IT center 22 m June IFIMED'09 Symposium Courtesy of SIEMENS

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IT Centers in Europe HIT Heilderberg CNAO Pavia Med-AUSTRON Viena ETOILE Lyon PTC Marburg NRoCK Kiel Worth mentioning: RPTC-2 Koeln, MAASTRO The Netherlands, BHTC Belgium, Nordic Light Ion Project Sweden… June IFIMED'09 Symposium

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The Early years The Present of Hadrontherapy Proton Facilities Ion Facilities The Future and the Dreams Outline June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotron Alternatives June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotron Alternatives The energy can be varied 1-2 ms in the full range by changing the power pulses sent to the accelerating modules June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotron Alternatives Carbon Booster for Therapy in Oncology Cyclinac for Carbon ions June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotron Alternatives June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Synchrotron Alternatives June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Alternative Accelerators RF Linacs: energy control in the accelerator itself:  S-Band:  ACLIP Side Couple LINAC (3GHz, 20 MeV/m, 30 MeV injection Energy, 62 MeV final energy) INFN Catania  IDRA project (3 GHz, 30 MeV injection Energy) TERA Foundation/ADAM  X-Band:  US High-gradient collaboration (injection energy 70 MeV, 250 MeV final energy) SLAC June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Alternative Accelerators June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Alternative Accelerators Dielectric Wall Accelerators June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Alternative Accelerators June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Alternative Accelerators June IFIMED'09 Symposium

Thanks for your attention I acknowdledge: U. Amaldi, T. Haberer, S. Peggs, Y. Jongen, K. Noda, L. Calabretta, V. Vaccaro, A.Sessler, S. Rossi…. for supplying most of the material that I have used for this talk June IFIMED'09 Symposium

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