Unit 5 Test Review IF you can’t answer most of these, you need to STUDY a lot at home, using this PPT and all your notes, PPTs of Part 1 and 2, and the BOOK! Pay CLOSE ATTENTION to slides in red!!

Level of consciousness that consists of things you can easily RECALL.

Preconscious

Level of consciousness that deals with routine and biological information.

Nonconscious Subway Stairs

What level of consciousness deals with information that we are aware of?

Conscious

What level of conscious is hard to access; contains things that are hidden to us?

Unconscious (Subconscious)

Light hitting the retina causes the hypothalamus to alter it’s production of what hormone produced by what gland? This helps us wake up, when the hypothalamus orders the lessening of this hormone.

Melatonin by the pineal gland

What is the sleep CYCLE (order)? How long is one cycle?

REM (repeat) 90 minutes

What stage of sleep is called “paradoxical” sleep? WHY?

REM – brain (motor, visual, auditory cortexes) active, but body has loss of muscular tension (due to brainstem blocking signals) Externally calm – Internally active

What stage of sleep has floating or falling sensations, and what is the nickname of this stage?

Stage 1 – “Hypnogogic” sleep

What is the deepest level of sleep, and what brain waves are produced in this stage?

Stage 4 – delta waves (slow-wave sleep)

What happens to Stages 3 and 4 and REM during the night?

Stages 3 and 4 get shorter and disappear, while REM gets longer.

4 major physiological responses to REM?

Increased, irregular heartrate Increased, irregular breathing Eyes dart around Genital arousal Relaxed muscle tone

While awake, the brain is producing what neurochemical that makes us tired? (Hint – inhibited by caffeine)

Adenosine

What is only active during deep sleep that is of concern to babies, children, and teenagers?

Pituitary gland – growth hormones

In what stage do you dream?

Can dream in ANY stage – NREM or REM dreams?

Dreams that are richly hallucinatory and story- like take place in what stage?

REM stage

Drinking milk is a natural remedy for WHAT sleep disorder and WHY?

Insomnia – helps produce serotonin, which aids in sleep

What are the two quick fixes for insomnia that actually aggravate it - how does it aggravate it?

Sleeping pills / Alcohol Inhibits REM

Sleep deprivation does what to obesity, memory, and the immune system?

Promotes obesity (produces stress hormones that hold onto fat) Impairs memory (REM lessened) Immune system suppressed (REMs recuperative sleep lessened)

What sleep disorder is characterized by falling to sleep at inappropriate times?

Narcolepsy

1 in 20 is to ________________ as 1 in 2000 is to _________________.

Sleep Apnea / Narcolepsy

Disorder characterized by overactive sympathetic nervous system during sleep?

Sleep Terrors (Night Terrors)

In what stage do BOTH sleepwalking and night terrors commonly occur in, ensuring that they happen WHEN during the night?

Stage 4 / early hours of sleep

Night Terrors and Sleepwalking are more common in what type of people?

Young children/young people (decreases with age – maybe because older people spend less time in Stage 4 – don’t need growth hormones)

Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessation of breathing during sleep?

Sleep Apnea

Who studied not only the storyline of dreams, but also their symbolic underlying meaning?

Sigmund Freud (Wish Fulfillment Theory)

Freud called the storyline of a dream what?

MANIFEST content

Freud called the symbolic underlying meaning of a dream what?

LATENT content

What theory of dreams says that dreams are just created to make sense of random bursts of activity in the brain during sleep?

Activation Synthesis Theory

WHO discovered a “hidden observer” (a portion of the person that is aware of what is happening) during hypnosis?

Ernest Hilgard

What are the TWO theories of hypnosis?

Social Influence Theory – caught up in a role Divided – Consciousness Theory – idea that you can be aware of pain sensation without experiencing emotional distress; dissociation

What are chemicals called that change mood or perceptions?

Psychoactive Drugs

What are 3 categories of psychoactive drugs?

Stimulants, Depressants, and Hallucinogens

How do ALL drugs achieve their effects? (where do they work)

Work at the brain synapses by mimicking, inhibiting, or stimulating the activity of neurotransmitters (alteration of neural activity in the brain)

What are THREE depressants?

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates (narcotics)

What are 4 main stimulants?

Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Cocaine

What are 3 hallucinogenic drugs?

Marijuana (mild – intensifies sights, sounds, smells; disrupts concept of time) PCP (angel dust) LSD (acid “trip”)

What is a FALSE IDEA? What is a FALSE Sensory PERCEPTION?

Delusion Hallucination

Brain waves produced in Stage 1?

Theta

What drug INHIBITS the bodies natural production of endorphins, making it the most painful and difficult drug to stop taking?

Heroin

Brain waves produced in Stage 2?

Sleep Spindles

What type of information is processed by parallel processing?

Routine / Subconscious Information

What type of information is processed with serial processing?

Novel / Conscious information

Brain waves when awake and alert?

Beta

Brain waves produced when awake and relaxed?

Alpha

Research shows that middle school students ___________________ their friends’ use of marijuana and college students ___________________ their classmate's enthusiasm for alcohol?

Overestimate; overestimate (overconfidence; false consensus effect)

Novel information is processed on a __________ level, while routine information is processed on a _____________ level.

Conscious / Nonconscious

Consciously talking to someone about a serious issue while driving home is done on two different levels, BUT at the same time, reflecting the brain’s ability to process things simultaneously, called ____________________.

Parallel Processing

What stage consolidates memories? This is why drinking messes with memories – inhibits this?

REM sleep (restful, recuperative, and consolidates memories)

Conscious processing is _____________ than subconscious/nonconscious processing, but best for _________ information.

Slower; novel

How long is typical sleeping/waking cycles of people who stay up too late or not exposed to clocks or natural light?

25 hours

Drugs Categories – definitions Specific drugs for EACH category Any nicknames (that we STUDIED – NOT pop culture) Physiological reactions Psychological reactions

Possible Essay – Sleep Cyle/Disorders Basic Points Pattern / Time Stages – Waves, Nicknames, Characteristics Disorders