Soul & body, & human destiny - 1 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny: Introduction ~ part II n Historical background n 2. Plato’s (Greek, 428-348) dualism GEuthydemus.

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Presentation transcript:

Soul & body, & human destiny - 1 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny: Introduction ~ part II n Historical background n 2. Plato’s (Greek, ) dualism GEuthydemus (ca. early 380s) What is happiness?What is happiness? åHaving? åUsing what we have? åRequires knowledge åWhich kind of knowledge is the most worthwhile?

Soul & body, & human destiny - 2 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny: Introduction ~ part II å Knowledge of the good Plato’s theory of salvationPlato’s theory of salvation åCf. Christianity GThe Phaedo (ca. 384) One of the aims of philosophy is “to practice for dying and death” (10)One of the aims of philosophy is “to practice for dying and death” (10) åWhat does this mean?

Soul & body, & human destiny - 3 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny: Introduction ~ part II åPlato’s dualism å Extreme? åPlato’s denigration of the bodily? åThe Ideas or Forms åPlato’s position on afterlife is immortality, not resurrection.

Soul & body, & human destiny - 4 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in the Old & New Testaments n 3. Human destiny in the O.T. & N.T. FThe Hebrew Bible GLife in Sheol  a life of lethargy & inactivity, on the borderline of consciousness. Does this imply some sort of dualism?

Soul & body, & human destiny - 5 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in the Old & New Testaments  Resurrection in the O.T. Isaiah 26:19 - reference here may be political & not refer to the human personIsaiah 26:19 - reference here may be political & not refer to the human person Daniel 12:2-3 (c. 165 B.C.E)Daniel 12:2-3 (c. 165 B.C.E)

Soul & body, & human destiny - 6 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in the Old & New Testaments  In the apocrapha Ecclesiasticus 17: death is finalEcclesiasticus 17: death is final Wisdom of Solomon 3:1-5 - probably written by a Hellenized Jew; notion of immortalityWisdom of Solomon 3:1-5 - probably written by a Hellenized Jew; notion of immortality II Enoch & II Baruch - intermediate state resurrectionII Enoch & II Baruch - intermediate state resurrection

Soul & body, & human destiny - 7 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in early Christianity  When will resurrection occur?  Resurrection in the N.T.  locus classicus: I Corinthians 15 & II Cor. 5: The Christian tradition 4. The Christian tradition  Early Christianity Origin - resurrected person is entirely spiritualOrigin - resurrected person is entirely spiritual

Soul & body, & human destiny - 8 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in early Christianity Jerome - literal bodily resurrectionJerome - literal bodily resurrection Augustine - resurrection of a transformed earthly bodyAugustine - resurrection of a transformed earthly body  Medieval Christianity Aquinas - soul without the body is emaciated, incomplete. Complete person is both soul & body. Probably combines resurrection & immortality.Aquinas - soul without the body is emaciated, incomplete. Complete person is both soul & body. Probably combines resurrection & immortality.

Soul & body, & human destiny - 9 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in early Christianity  Oscar Cullman on the death of Socrates & the death of Jesus  Sum: N.T. & early, & medieval Christianity support 2 notions of resurrection Extinction/recreaton - compatible with monism? Defended by Cullmann & Hick. Problem: Personal identity.Extinction/recreaton - compatible with monism? Defended by Cullmann & Hick. Problem: Personal identity.

Soul & body, & human destiny - 10 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny in early Christianity Intermediate stateIntermediate state  Requires some sort of dualism? A soul which in intermediate state is incomplete, emaciated  A combination of immortality & resurrection

Soul & body, & human destiny - 11 Badham’s physicalism 5. Badham’s physicalism 5. Badham’s physicalism  No possibility of retention of personal identity without continuity  To Badham file To Badham file To Badham file

Soul & body, & human destiny - 12 Lamm’s argument for afterlife 6. Maurice Lamm’s response 6. Maurice Lamm’s response  A top-down argument for life after death Begin with attributes of GodBegin with attributes of God Goodness of GodGoodness of God Life is giftLife is gift Expectation following from thisExpectation following from this

Soul & body, & human destiny - 13 Soul & Body, & Human Destiny 7. John Hick’s rejection of dualism & defense of personal identity in resurrection 7. John Hick’s rejection of dualism & defense of personal identity in resurrection  To Hick To Hick To Hick