Bellringer: 10/5 and 10/6  Pick up the paper on the desk by the door.  Take out a piece of notebook paper.  Write a 3-4 sentence reflection on the Unit 1 and 2 Test you took last class. Consider what you think went well on the test, what you think you could have done better, and any concerns you have about the test.

Agenda: 10/5 and 10/6  1. Bellringer  2. Timeline: Civilizations in the Mediterranean/Middle East  3. Notes/Lecture: Peoples of the Mediterranean and the Middle East  4. Activity:  Mapping  Video  Worksheet: Hanging Gardens of Nebuchadnezzar

Akkad BCE Hebrews est BCE Babylonians (under Hammurabi) 1800 BCE Hittites 1600 BCE1200 BCE 1550BCE Assyrians 690 BCE Phoenicians Chaldeans 1100 BCE 600 BCE Neo-BabyloniansLydians 585 BCE550 BCE330 BCE300 BCE Persians

People of the Mediterranean and The Middle East Ms. Allen World History I –

People of the Mediterranean: Phoenicians Ms. Allen World History I –

Background on Phoenicians  Began in modern-day Lebanon  City-states develop by 1200 BCE  Famous for….  Commerce  Dyes  Spreading alphabet  Colonies

Phoenician Geography  Phoenicia was located between the eastern Mediterranean coast and the Lebanon Mountains

Phoenicians Territory

Politics/Government in Phoenicia  Not a unified nation  Consisted of independent city-states

Phoenician Economy/Commerce Trade = dominates Phoenician economy Where is commerce centered? Major city states (Byblos, Sidon, Tyre) How far did they trade? All across the Mediterranean coast

Phoenician Commerce  Known as the “purple merchants”  Exports?  Royal purple dye from murex sea snail  Found only in the waters of eastern Mediterranean  Eventually exploited to extinction  Wood (cedar)  Slaves  Glass  Wine/olive oil  Imports?  Silver from Iberia  Ivory, gold  Even tin from Britain Phoenician Economy/Commerce

Phoenician Advancements  Purple dye  Ship design/building  Galleys made of cedar wood  Sails & oars  Phoenician alphabet  Leads us towards more modern-day languages/alphabets  Beginning of the Semitic language family

Semitic Language Family

Phoenician Alphabet

Comparison of Alphabets

Phoenician Colonies  Sailed and colonized throughout the Mediterranean beginning circa 1000 B.C.E.  EXAMPLES:  Gades (modern-day Spain)  Carthage = most important Phoenician colony.  Located in northern Africa

Phoenician Colonies

Phoenician Colony of Carthage  Founded in 814 BC  Location?  Modern-day Tunisia  First colonization  Eventually becomes a great empire  Fights rivals for power, territory  Greeks in 400s-300s BCE  Romans in 200s-100s BCE

Summarizing the Phoenicians: What did they become? 1. They became expert traders. 2. Trade routes to the east were blocked by mountains and hostile neighbors. 3. They used the Mediterranean Sea and became expert sailors 4. They had an abundance of cedar, purple dye, silverwork, ivory carvings and slaves

People of the Middle East: Hittites, Assyrians, and Chaldeans Ms. Allen World History I –

1. THE Hittites

Geography of the Hittites  Little known about them until archaeological discoveries of early 20 th century  Migrated to Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from northern Europe circa 3000 B.C.E.

Evolution of the Hittites: First Hittite Empire  Begins in 1900 B.C.E.  Empire stretched from Aegean Sea to Euphrates River

Second Hittite Empire  Dates: B.C.E.  Included Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria  Decline and fall  Continuous warfare with Egypt  1200 B.C.E. – conquered by northern barbarians  Eventually absorbed by Assyria

Hittite Economy:  Link between Mesopotamia and western Asia  Had monopoly on Armenian and European metals for hundreds of years  Developed iron for tools and weapons  Wealth from trade of gold, iron, lead, and silver  Trade shown in numerous excavated clay tablets (tracked trade, transactions)

Hittite Politics/Government  Ruled by a king  Heavily fortified city walls  Written laws show Babylonian influence

Hittite Advancements:  Fortified city walls  Art  Crude carvings  Stone lions at city entrances  Carvings of animals and warriors

Assyrians – An aggressive mountain people who had waged war for years against the Babylonians

2. THE Assyrians

Who are the Assyrians? An aggressive mountain people who had waged war for years against the Babylonians

Achievements of Assyrians  Used iron  Expanded empire through war  Conquered Egypt & the Fertile Crescent.  Used military innovations  Battering ram, siege towers  Cavalry/chariots/infantry  Conscription (drafting soldiers)

Achievements of Assyrians  Built roads for troop movement  Messenger service to report rebellions.  Conquered people were tortured and enslaved  Tunneled under walls to attack other civilizations  Divided empire into provinces (states ruled by a governor, protected by the military)

3. THE Chaldeans

Geography - In modern- day Iraq - Built on the territory of what river valley civilization?

Parts of Babylon have been rebuilt by Saddam Hussein

Rebuilt by Saddam Hussein

Mosul on the Tigris River

Important Leader: Nebuchadnezzar  He rebuilt Babylon  Had the Hanging Gardens constructed  One of the 7 Wonders of the World  Conquers city of Jerusalem  Deports Hebrews to Babylon to keep them from rebelling

Nebuchadnezzar BC

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Religion: The Star Gazers of Babylon  Priests observed and kept records of the heavens  Located in ziggurats  Believed stars determined human destiny  Could be used to foretell the future  They observed the Zodiac  Zodiac = belt of 12 constellations and the phases of the moon

Priests studied the stars. Their study formed the basis for both astronomy & astrology.

First Historical Horoscope

Chaldean Numerology  Believed to be the oldest of the systems of numerologynumerology  Converts letters to numbers using numbers 1 to 8.  Ones = a beginning or genesis  Higher numbers = progress through life,  Eights = completion.

HOMEWORK  Read pages in your textbook and take notes.  Bring a flash drive to class tomorrow if possible.  10/9 (THIS FRIDAY): Quiz on the Peoples of the Mediterranean and Middle East