Properties of life. Levels of organization Subatomic particles atoms moleculesorganelles cells tissues organs Organ systems Multicellular ORGANISM! populationcommunityecosystem.

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Presentation transcript:

Properties of life

Levels of organization Subatomic particles atoms moleculesorganelles cells tissues organs Organ systems Multicellular ORGANISM! populationcommunityecosystem biosphere

Levels of organization Subatomic particles atoms moleculesorganelles cells tissues organs Organ systems Multicellular ORGANISM! populationcommunityecosystem biosphere Smallest living unit

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Primitivemodern Simplecomplex DNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleus No membrane boundmembrane boundorganelles Smaller Larger

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

Domains/Kingdoms Archae: single-celled, prokaryotic, extreme environments, look like bacteria Bacteria (Eubacteria): true bacteria, single-celled, prokaryotic, includes E. coli Eukarya: Protista: single-celled plants and animals, eukaryotic, includes Paramecium (pond water organisms) Fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic, chemotrophs, decompsers, includes: yeasts, molds and mushrooms Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs (photosynthesis), includes: grass, shrubs, trees Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, motile, includes: you!

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells ProkaryoticEukaryotic Primitivemodern Simplecomplex DNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleus No membrane boundmembrane boundorganelles Smaller Larger Bacteria, ArchaeProtists, Fungi, Plants Animals (Eukarya)

Taxonomy Linnaeus/binomial name (Genus species) Humans = Homo sapiens Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Homology = similarity in structure due to a common ancestor Analogy = similarity in function not due to a common ancestor DNA comparison

Homologous Structures

Let’s play: Which is more closely related? BAT, BIRD, DOG?? BAT & BIRD? BAT & DOG? DOG & BIRD? BAT & DOG!! WHY?? THEY ARE BOTH MAMMALS (fur and teeth)

Schools of Taxonomy Phenetics: looks for similarity and differences whether homology or analogy Phylogenetics/systematics: use homologies to map evolutionary relationship Phylogenetic tree: series of branches

Energy flow: Food Chain Grass (producer) Mouse (herbivore) Snake (primary carnivore) Hawk (secondary carnivore) Should this be drawn in a line as above or another shape???

Energy pyramid

What did we leave out?? Grass (producer) Mouse (herbivore) Snake (primary carnivore) Hawk (secondary carnivore) Decomposers (detritivores) = the recyclers!!!

Food Web (multiple food chains)

Energy Flow/Nutrient Cycle

Natural Selection (best adapted survives and reproduces)

Charles Darwin

English Peppered Moth Example

Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution English Peppered Moth Example

Galapagos Ground Finch Study by Rosemary and Peter Grant In dry years average beak depth increases -birds with large bills survive better -more large seeds available In wet years average beak depth decreases -birds with small bills survive better -more small seeds available

Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean) Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age

The Experiment Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools What happened?? Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass