Personal Protective Equipment Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Personal Protective Equipment [1910.132 – 138] Respirators – Medical Evaluation SUBPART I Respirators – Written Program PPE – Provided Used and Maintained in Sanitary and Reliable Condition PPE – Certification of Hazard Assessment PPE – Appropriate Eye and Face Protection

Protecting Employees from Workplace Hazards Employers must protect employees from workplace hazards such as machines, hazardous substances, and dangerous work procedures that can cause injury Employers must: Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards Then use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) if these controls do not eliminate the hazards. Remember, PPE is the last level of control! Notes: Additional information: OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103, Field Inspection Reference Manual, Chapter IV, Section A 29 CFR 1910, Subpart I, Appendix B 1910.1000(e) Safety & Health Consultation

Engineering Controls If . . . Then . . . The machine or work environment can be physically changed to prevent employee exposure to the potential hazard, Then . . . The hazard can be eliminated with an engineering control. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Engineering Controls Examples . . . Initial design specifications Substitute less harmful material Change process Enclose process Isolate process Ventilation Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Work Practice Controls If . . . Employees can be removed from exposure to the potential hazard by changing the way they do their jobs, Then . . . The hazard can be eliminated with a work practice control. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Work Practice Controls Examples . . . Use of wet methods to suppress dust Personal hygiene Housekeeping and maintenance Job rotation of workers Notes: Note: Job rotation of workers only reduces exposure – it does not eliminate the hazard. Machine Shop Example: A milling operation produces large quantities of metal chips that fly all over the surrounding work areas. Recognizing that flying metal chips were a potential hazard to employees in the surrounding areas, the machine shop owner had to decide how best to protect the workers. Option 1—Engineering and work practice controls: Engineering control - Enclose the milling operation or install a deflector to contain the metal chips and prevent them from flying into the surrounding areas. Work practice control - Operate the machine only at certain times of the day when adjacent operations have stopped. Option 2—PPE: Provide employees with safety goggles or safety glasses with side shields. Option 1 is more effective since enclosing the operation will eliminate the hazard of flying metal chips. Providing a deflector will contain most, if not all, of the flying chips. In a machine shop, however, safety glasses should also be required for added protection. Safety & Health Consultation

Examples of PPE Eye - safety glasses, goggles Face - face shields Head - hard hats Feet - safety shoes Hands and arms - gloves Bodies - vests Hearing - earplugs, earmuffs Notes: NOTE: Respirators and electrical protective equipment (gloves, sleeves, blankets, etc.) are also considered PPE. However, because OSHA has specific requirements for them, they are not discussed here. Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements Application Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition. Notes: 1910.132(a) Safety & Health Consultation

Employee Owned Equipment Where employees provide their own protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and sanitation. Notes: 1910.132(b) Safety & Health Consultation

PPE Design All personal protective equipment shall be of safe design and construction for the work to be performed. Notes: 1910.132(c) Safety & Health Consultation

Establishing a PPE Program Sets out procedures for selecting, providing and using PPE as part of an employer’s routine operation First -- assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of PPE Once the proper PPE has been selected, the employer must provide training to each employee who is required to use PPE Notes: 1910.132(d) If all feasible engineering and work practice controls are in place, but employees are still exposed to potential hazards, PPE must be provided. See Checklist B in OSHA Publication 3151, Assessing the Need for PPE, A Guide for Small Business Employers, to assess the need for PPE. 1910.132(d) Safety & Health Consultation

Establishing a PPE Program Must be job and area based Requires written certification identifying the document as such including: Person certifying that the evaluation was performed Date of evaluation Notes: 1910.132(d) Safety & Health Consultation

Establishing a PPE Program Impact Penetration Compression Chemical Heat/cold/wet Harmful dust Light radiation Notes: 1910.132(d) Safety & Health Consultation

Training Employees required to use PPE must be trained to know at least the following: When PPE is necessary What type of PPE is necessary How to properly put on, take off, adjust, and wear Limitations of the PPE Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal Notes: 1910.132(f) Each affected employee must demonstrate an understanding of the required training, and the ability to use PPE properly, before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE. When the employee does not have the required skill and understanding, retraining is required. Written certification of completion of training is required. Employee must demonstrate knowledge 1910.132(f) Safety & Health Consultation

PPE Payment The employer must pay for all PPE used in the workplace, except: Non-specialty safety-toe footwear and non-specialty prescription safety eyewear provided the employer allows it to be worn off the jobsite Built-in metatarsals (as long as the employer provides another type of metatarsal protection when required) Logging boots Everyday work clothing and ordinary clothing, skin creams, etc., used solely for protection from weather Notes: 1910.132(h) Safety & Health Consultation

PPE Payment The employer must pay for replacement PPE unless it is lost or intentionally damaged. If the employer provides adequate and appropriate PPE, but the employee prefers a different type, the employer does not have to pay for it. Notes: 1910.132(h) Safety & Health Consultation

Eye and Face Protection Notes: Employers must provide eye protection for employees whenever they are exposed to potential eye injuries during their work if engineering or work practice controls do not eliminate the risk of injury. 1910.133 (b) Criteria for protective eye and face protection. (1) Protective eye and face protection devices must comply with any of the following consensus standards: (i) ANSI Z87.1-2003, "American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6; (ii) ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998), "American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6; or (iii) ANSI Z87.1-1989, "American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6. (2) Protective eye and face protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as protective eye and face protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section. 1910.133 Safety & Health Consultation

Causes of Eye and Face Injuries Dust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or sawdust Molten metal that might splash Acids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might splash Blood and other potentially infectious body fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter Intense light such as that created by welding and lasers Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee used appropriate eye or face protection when exposed to eye or face hazards. Notes: 1910.133(a)(1) Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses eye protection that provides side protection when there is a hazard of flying objects. Notes: 1910.133(a)(2) Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee who wears prescription lenses while engaged in operations that involve eye hazards wears eye protection that incorporates the prescription in its design, or wears eye protection that can be worn over the prescription lenses. Notes: 1910.133(a)(3) Safety & Health Consultation

Criteria Criteria for protective eye and face devices ANSI Z87.1-2003 ANSI Z87.1-1989 (R-1998) ANSI Z87.1-1989 Notes: 1910.133(b) Safety & Health Consultation

Safety Spectacles Made with metal/plastic safety frames Most operations require side shields Used for moderate impact from particles produced by such jobs as carpentry, woodworking, grinding, and scaling Notes: ANSI Z87.1-2003, a replacement to Z87.1-1989 (R-1998), is truly performance driven. The most noticeable difference deals with eye protector impact levels. Two levels of impact resistance, “Basic” and “High” are now defined for safety glasses. Marking requirements have changed to reflect these levels of impact performance. Devices that meet the “High” impact criteria must be marked “Z87+”. Frames should meet the “High” impact level. If the eye protector only meets the “Basic” impact criteria, a warning label must be attached to the protector. Currently, ANSI Z87.1-1989 is incorporated by reference into the OSHA regulations, and, as such, carries the force of the law. If OSHA chooses to adopt ANSI Z87.1-2003, by reference, the change will be published in the Federal Register. Safety & Health Consultation

Goggles Protect eyes, eye sockets, and the facial area immediately surrounding the eyes from impact, dust, and splashes Some goggles fit over corrective lenses Notes: Corrective lenses include contacts and glasses. Safety & Health Consultation

Welding Shields Protect eyes from burns caused by infrared or intense radiant light, and protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, and slag chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering, and cutting. Notes: 1910.133(a)(5) Also see 1910 Subpart Q, Welding, Cutting & Brazing. Safety & Health Consultation

Laser Safety Goggles Protect eyes from intense concentrations of light produced by lasers. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Face Shields Protect the face from nuisance dusts and potential splashes or sprays of hazardous liquids Do not protect employees from impact hazards Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Head Protection 1910.135 Safety & Health Consultation Notes: 1910.135 (a) General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects. The employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard is worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head. (b) Criteria for head protection Head protection must comply with any of the following consensus standards: (i) ANSI Z89.1-2003, "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6; (ii) ANSI Z89.1-1997, "American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6; or (iii) ANSI Z89.1-1986, "American National Standard for Personnel Protection -- Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers--Requirements," which is incorporated by reference in § 1910.6. (2) Head protection devices that the employer demonstrates are at least as effective as head protection devices that are constructed in accordance with one of the above consensus standards will be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section. 1910.135 Safety & Health Consultation

Causes of Head Injuries Falling objects Bumping head against fixed objects, such as exposed pipes or beams Contact with exposed electrical conductors Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injuries to the head from falling objects. Notes: 1910.135(a)(1) Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard is worn by each such affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head. Notes: 1910.135(a)(2) Safety & Health Consultation

Criteria Criteria for protective helmets ANSI Z89.1-2003 Notes: 1910.135(b)(1) – (2) Safety & Health Consultation

Types of Hard Hats Type I Conventional hard hats that are designed to reduce the force of impact to the top of the head, neck, and spine Type II New designs that offer additional impact protection to the front, sides and back, as well as the top of the head Notes: 1910.135 This standard requires head protection if any aspect of the work environment presents a risk of head injury. ANSI Z89.1-2003 National Standard for U.S. This standard developed requirements for industrial head protection relating to: Impact Protection; Penetration Protection; and Electrical Insulation Protection. “This fifth revision of the standard provides performance and testing requirements for industrial helmets, commonly known as hard hats, and is a revision of ANSI Z89.1-1997, which established the types and classes of protective helmets, depending on the type of hazard encountered. The 1997 version included specifications for helmets designed to offer protection from lateral impact, or top-only impact, giving employers and users the flexibility to specify the helmet that best meets the needs of their specific workplace. Industrial head protective helmets meeting the requirements of the 2003 standard are classified as Type I for top protection or Type II for top and lateral impact protection. Both types are tested for impact attenuation and penetration resistance. Type II helmet performance requirements include criteria for impact energy attenuation from impacts from the front, back and sides, as well as the top, off-center penetration resistance and chin strap retention. The three classes indicate the helmet’s electrical insulation rating, and is unchanged from 1997.” Safety & Health Consultation

Classes of Hard Hats Class E (electrical) Tested to withstand 20,000 volts Class G (general) Tested to withstand 2,200 volts Class C (conductive) Provides no electrical protection Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Hearing Protection 1910.95 Safety & Health Consultation Notes: 1910.95 Determining the need to provide hearing protection is complicated. Employee exposure to excessive noise depends upon several factors: - How loud is the noise as measured in decibels (dBA)? - What is the duration of each employee’s exposure to noise? - Do employees move between separate work areas with different noise levels? - Is noise generated from one source or multiple sources? Generally, the louder the noise, the shorter the exposure time before you must provide hearing protection. See the OSHA technical link for Noise and Hearing Conservation and go to Section III, Chapter 5, “Noise Measurement,” at www.osha.gov. 1910.95 Safety & Health Consultation

Examples of Hearing Protectors Earmuffs Earplugs Canal Caps Notes: 1910.95(b)(1) Employers must implement feasible engineering controls and work practices before resorting to PPE such as earmuffs, earplugs, or canal caps. If engineering and work practice controls do not lower employee noise exposure to acceptable levels, then employers must provide employees with appropriate PPE. Comply with ANSI/ASA S12.68-2007 1910.95(b)(1) Safety & Health Consultation

Foot Protection 1910.136 Safety & Health Consultation Notes: 1910.136 Referenced in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 29 are the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA's) guidelines for Occupational Foot Protection (1910.136). This regulation refers to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American National Standard for Personal Protection - Protective Footwear (ANSI Z41) for its performance criteria. On March 1, 2005, ANSI Z41 was withdrawn and replaced by two new American Society of Testing Material (ASTM) International Standards. The new ASTM standards are F2412-05 Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection and F2413-05 Standard Specification for Performance Requirements for Foot Protection. On September 9, 2009 OSHA issued an update to its personal protective equipment (PPE) standards. The final rule, which became effective October 9th, revised the PPE sections of OSHAs general industry, shipyard employment, longshoring, and marine terminals standards regarding requirements for eye- and face-protective devices, head protection and foot protection. The revision updated the references in these regulations to recognize the more recent editions of the applicable national consensus standards. It allows employers to use PPE constructed in accordance with any of three national consensus standards the two most recent and the incorporated reference in the current standards. 1910.136 Safety & Health Consultation

Causes of Foot Injuries Heavy objects such as barrels or tools that might roll onto or fall on employees’ feet Sharp objects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary shoes Molten metal that might splash on feet Hot or wet surfaces Slippery surfaces Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries. Notes: 1910.136(a) Safety & Health Consultation

Criteria Criteria for protective footwear ASTM F2412-05 and F2413-05 ANSI Z41-1999 ANSI Z41-1991 ASTM F2412-05 and F2413-05 Notes: 1910.136(b)(1) – (2) Safety & Health Consultation

Safety Shoes Have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect against hot surfaces common in roofing, paving, and hot metal industries Some have metal insoles to protect against puncture wounds May be designed to be electrically conductive for use in explosive atmospheres, or nonconductive to protect from workplace electrical hazards Notes: Conductive Shoes Electrically conductive shoes protect against the buildup of static electricity. Essentially, these shoes ground the employees wearing them. Employees working in explosive and hazardous locations such as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wear conductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity buildup on an employee’s body that could produce a spark and cause an explosion or fire. During training, employees must be instructed not to use foot powder or wear socks made of silk, wool, or nylon with conductive shoes. Foot powder insulates and retards the conductive ability of the shoes. Silk, wool, and nylon produce static electricity. Conductive shoes are not general-purpose shoes and must be removed upon completion of the tasks for which they are required. Employees exposed to electrical hazards must NEVER wear conductive shoes. Electrical Hazard, Safety-Toe Shoes Electrical hazard, safety-toe shoes are nonconductive and will prevent your employee’s feet from completing an electrical circuit to ground. They can protect employees against open circuits of up to 600 volts in dry conditions. These shoes should be used in conjunction with other insulating equipment and precautions to reduce or eliminate the potential for providing a path for hazardous electrical energy. NOTE: Nonconductive footwear must not be used in explosive or hazardous locations; in such locations, electrically conductive shoes are required. Safety & Health Consultation

Metatarsal Guards A part of the shoes or strapped to the outside of shoes to protect the instep from impact and compression. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Hand Protection 1910.138 Safety & Health Consultation Notes: 1910.138 ANSI/ISEA 105-2005, American National Standard for Hand Protection Selection Criteria, provides guidance for selecting the correct gloves that will protect workers and assist employers in compliance with OSHA regulations. ANSI-ISEA 105-2005 calls for gloves to be classified according to a variety of performance attributes. Glove users should evaluate the glove under consideration against the following standardized tests as described in the standard: Mechanical protection – cut resistance, puncture resistance, abrasion resistance. Chemical protection – chemical permeation resistance and chemical degradation resistance. Detection of holes Heat and flame protection – ignition resistance and burning behavior, heat degradation resistance, conductive heat resistance. Vibration reduction Dexterity 1910.138 Safety & Health Consultation

General Requirements Employers shall select and require employees to use appropriate hand protection when employees’ hands are exposed to hazards. Notes: 1910.138(a) Safety & Health Consultation

What are some of the hand injuries you need to guard against? Burns Bruises Abrasions Cuts Punctures Fractures Amputations Chemical Exposures Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Selection Employers shall base the selection of the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation of the performance characteristics of the hand protection relative to the task(s) to be performed, conditions present, duration of use, and hazards identified Notes: 1910.138(b) Safety & Health Consultation

Types of Gloves Norfoil laminate resists permeation and breakthrough by an array of toxic/hazardous chemicals. Butyl provides the highest permeation resistance to gas or water vapors; frequently used for ketones (M.E.K., Acetone) and esters (Amyl Acetate, Ethyl Acetate). Notes: The nature of the hazard(s) and the operation to be performed will determine your selection of gloves. The variety of potential hand injuries may make selecting the appropriate pair of gloves more difficult than choosing other protective equipment. Take care to choose gloves designed for the particular circumstances of your workplace. Glove manufacturers can provide valuable assistance. Safety & Health Consultation

Types of Gloves Viton is highly resistant to permeation by chlorinated and aromatic solvents. Nitrile provides protection against a wide variety of solvents, harsh chemicals, fats and petroleum products and also provides excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures and abrasions. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Types of Gloves Kevlar protects against cuts, slashes, and abrasion. Stainless steel mesh protects against cuts and lacerations. Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Body Protection 1910.132(a) Safety & Health Consultation Notes:

Causes of Body Injuries Intense heat Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids Impacts from tools, machinery, and materials Cuts Hazardous chemicals Contact with potentially infectious materials, like blood Radiation Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Body Protection Cooling Vest Sleeves and Apron Notes: Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each suited to particular hazards. Conduct your hazard assessment and identify potential sources of bodily injury. Install feasible engineering controls, and institute work practice controls to eliminate the hazards. If the possibility of bodily injury still exists, provide protective clothing constructed of material that will protect against the specific hazards in your workplace. Different materials will protect against different chemical and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to make sure that the material selected will provide protection from the specific chemical or physical hazards in your workplace. Safety & Health Consultation

Body Protection Full Body Suit Coveralls Safety & Health Consultation Notes: Safety & Health Consultation

Summary Employers must implement a PPE program where they: Assess the workplace for hazards Use engineering and work practice controls to eliminate or reduce hazards before using PPE Select appropriate PPE to protect employees from hazards that cannot be eliminated Inform employees why the PPE is necessary and when it must be worn Train employees how to use and care for their PPE and how to recognize deterioration and failure Require employees to wear selected PPE in the workplace Notes: For more information: -- OSHA Publication 3151, Assessing the Need for Personal Protective Equipment: A Guide for Small Business Employers. It is available at OSHA’s home page (www.osha.gov), or for sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Safety & Health Consultation

Your Questions? Notes: Block #7 Handout Safety & Health Consultation