Glands and Hormones

What makes the Endocrine system unique is that it secretes hormones… These hormones are chemical messengers that are carried through the bloodstream to:  Stimulate other glands  Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

Hormones work by finding that specific receptor on a specific cell to do their job…

Major Glands of the Endocrine System  Pituitary – also referred to as the “master gland” as it regulates all other endocrine glands  Thyroid –responsible for metabolism and growth, how your body uses oxygen and nutrients  Parathyroid – regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body  Adrenal – secrete adrenaline in emergency or stressful situations  Pancreas – responsible for secreting insulin to regulate blood sugar levels in the bloodstream  Ovaries – female gonad, responsible for ovum production, estrogen secretion and progesterone release  Testes - male gonad, responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion

Master gland of body Located in the depression of sphenoid bone Produces many hormones that affect other glands  Thyroid stimulating hormone  Somatotropin- growth hormone  Lutenizing (LH)- causes ovulation  ICSH- causes testes to secrete testosterone  Melanocyte stimulating- distribution of melanin in skin  ADH- antidiuretic hormone

 Giantism- would be oversecretion of somatotropin before puberty  Dwarfism- would be undersecretion of somatotropin. Cause: tumor, injury, infection, genetics  Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH

 Thyroid- produces hormones that control metabolism and calcium in blood.  Thyroid gland must have any source of iodine  Goiter- not enough iodine  Hyperthyroidism  Hypothyroidism

Adrenal Glands  Located just above the kidney (dunce hats)  Secretes many hormones such as: Epinephrine Norepinephrine Many steroid hormones, including estrogen and androgens

Pancreas-  Secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestines  Secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells.  Secretes glucagon- increases glucose in bloodstream

Diabetes Mellitus  Cause – malfunction of gland, decreased secretion of insulin  Symptoms  Excessive thirst, excessive urination, hyperglycemia, slow healing of skin infections  Affects 21 million in US: 7% of population  Estimated 1/3 of people who have diabetes don’t know it  225,000 die each year  132 billion/year- 10% of our health care spending