Health Science I Section 2.02 Blood Hematology Health Science I Section 2.02 Blood

Hematology OBJECTIVES Upon Completion of this unit, the student will be able to: 1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood. 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

Hematology

Hematology 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. Adult = 8-10 pints Composition Plasma Serum Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) Straw colored Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, nutrients, etc.

Hematology Erythrocytes Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped Hemoglobin Gives red color Heme is iron, globin is protein Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2

Hematology Leukocytes May be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid Larger than erythrocytes Types of white cells Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

Hematology Thrombocytes Platelets Make the blood clot Smallest solid components of blood Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

Hematology 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood. Four main functions 1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones 2. Aids in distribution of heat 3. Regulates acid-base balance 4. Helps protect against infection

Hematology Plasma 1. Liquid part of blood 2. Plasma proteins a. Fibrinogen – blood clotting b. Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume c. Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K 3. Reduction of Heparin

Hematology Erythrocytes 1. Contain hemoglobin a. Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 away from cells b. Red cells travel to lungs to get O2 and give up CO2, then to tissues to deliver O2 and pick up CO2 2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone marrow 3. Life span a. Red cells live 120 days b. Old cells broken down by spleen and liver 4. Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or disease

Hematology Leukocytes 1. Fight infection 2. Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful bacteria 3. Basophils produce heparin – (anticoagulant), respond to allergic reactions (Histamine) 4. Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into neighboring tissues 5. Inflammation a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

Hematology Thrombocytes (Platelets) 1. Synthesized in red marrow 2. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process Coagulation 1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump 2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen 3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clot 4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting 5. Heparin is an anticoagulant

Hematology Blood types 1. Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell a. A b. B c. O d. AB 2. Inherited from parents 3. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body a. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies b. Someone with type B blood has a antibodies c. Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies d. Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

Hematology 4. Universal donor – O 5. Universal recipient – AB 6. Red cells may also contain Rh factor 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders. A. Inflammation 1. Pus 2. Abscess 3. Pyrexia 4. Leukocytosis 5. Edema

Hematology Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs C. Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs 1. Iron-deficiency anemia a. Usually women, children and adolescents b. Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobin c. Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables 2. Aplastic anemia a. Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells b. Cause – drugs or radiation therapy 3. Sickle cell anemia a. Chronic, inherited blood disorder b. RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape c. Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen d. Occurs primarily in African Americans

Hematology Polycythemia – too many RBCs E. Embolism – moving blood clot F. Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vessel G. Hematoma 1. Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or space 2. Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture H. Hemophilia 1. Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to son 2. Missing clotting factor 3. Blood clots slowly 4. Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

Hematology I. Thrombocytopenia 1. Not enough platelets 2. Blood does not clot properly J. Leukemia 1. Malignancy 2. Overproduction of immature white blood cells 3. Research on cord blood

Hematology Terminology albumin antibody anticoagulant antigen basophil coagulation diapedesis eosinophil erythrocyte erythropoiesis fibrin fibrinogen hemoglobin hemolysis

Hematology Terminology heparin inflammation leukocyte lymphocyte monocyte neutrophil pathogenic phagocytosis plasma platelets prothrombin Rh factor serum  

Hematology Terminology thrombin thrombocyte universal donor universal recipient  Disorders and Related Terminology  abscess anemia aplastic anemia edema embolism hematoma hemophilia

Hematology Terminology inflammation iron-deficiency anemia leukemia leukocytosis leukopenia polycythemia pus pyrexia Sickle cell anemia thrombocytopenia thrombosis thrombus

Hematology Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Functions: Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones Aids in distribution of heat Regulates acid-base balance Helps protect against infection

Hematology Composition: Plasma – liquid portion of blood without cellular components Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets

Hematology PLASMA Straw colored, contains – Water Blood proteins Plasma proteins (3 types)

Hematology Plasma proteins: FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

Fibrin

Prothrombin = Vitamin K

Hematology PLASMA Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, enzymes Metabolic waster products

ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) Biconcave discs

Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein. Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gm

Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) Function of Hemoglobin: Red cells travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

Arterial blood vs Venous blood lots of oxygen = bright red lots of CO2 = dark crimson

Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) ERYTHROPOIESIS Manufacture of red blood cells Occurs in bone marrow  Red cells live 120 days Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver

ERYTHROPOIESIS

Hematology ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) Larger than erythrocytes 5 types: Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)

Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

Hematology LEUKOCYTES (WBCs) Basophil produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

Hematology Inflammation Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

Hematology Inflammation HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

Pus Formation

Abscess & Pus

Hematology Inflammation LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets) Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized in red marrow Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets) COAGULATION Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

Coagulation

Hematology THROMBOCYTES (Platelets) ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting HEPARIN = antiprothrombin PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K

BLOOD TYPES Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O Inherited from parents Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

BLOOD TYPES ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies Someone with type B blood has a antibodies Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

BLOOD TYPES Red cells also may contain Rh factor If you have it, you’re Rh + If you don’t, you’re Rh –

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD   ANEMIA: Deficiency in number or % of red cells

Symptoms of Anemia

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA : Usually in women, children and adolescents Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD APLASTIC ANEMIA: Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen Occurs primarily in blacks Treatment – blood transfusions

Sickle Cell Anemia

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD POLYCYTHEMIA: Too many red blood cells are formed May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD EMBOLISM: Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage Also known as a “moving blood clot”

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD THROMBOSIS: The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel The blood clot is a THROMBUS

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD HEMATOMA: Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space. Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture  

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD HEMOPHILIA: Hereditary Missing clotting factor Blood clots slow or abnormally Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

Hemophilia

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD Not enough platelets THROMBOCYTOPENIA: Not enough platelets Blood will not clot properly

DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD LEUKEMIA: Malignant condition Overproduction of immature white blood cells Hinders synthesis of red cells