Unit 1

Present perfect tense& Present prefect continuous tense Grammar Present perfect tense& Present prefect continuous tense

Lead-in Look at the following sentences and try to explain why the tense is used in these sentences.

1. We have studied English for about five years. 2. They have lived there since 1990. 3. She hasn’t finished her homework yet. 4. Eric has just come back. 5. How long have you been here?

1. The form of the present perfect tense: We form the present perfect tense with have/has and the past participle of the verb. have (has) +过去分词

2. The uses of the present perfect tense: Justin has disappeared, so Kelly is very sad. Note: We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that happened in the recent past, but are connected to the present.

I have not seen Justin since last Friday night. Note: We also use the present perfect tense to talk about something that started in the past and is still happening now.

I haven’t seen your for ages. He has just gone out. It has been very cold lately. She has already finished her homework. He hasn’t seen her since the meeting. Note: We use the present perfect tense when the exact time of an action is not clear or important.

We use it with time expressions such as: already ever for just lately never recently since yet We use already for affirmative statements, yet for negative statements. We use for + a period of time, since + a point in time.

He has just gone out.(= He went out a few minutes ago.) I have just heard the news. (= Now I know the news.) Note: We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago.

They say that they have been to America many times. Note: We can also use the present perfect tense for repeated actions, that is, we use the present perfect tense with the time expressions once/twice/three times…

Tom has rung up three times this morning. Look at the sentences and find the difference: Tom has rung up three times this morning. Now it is still in the morning.

Tom rang up three times this morning. Now it is not still in the morning.

Note: Actions occurring in an incomplete period might be indicated by today or this morning/afternoon/ evening/ week/ month/ year/ century or all day/night/week, all the time, always etc.

Point out what tense or tenses are used in the sentences and the reasons why they are used. 1. We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago. 2. They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.

3. Eric left home last year and has just come back. 4. They bought this house three years ago and they have lived here since then. 5. My brother went to see my grandpa last week. He has visited him three times this month.

Complete the sentences. 1 ‘_____ you _____ my pen?’ ‘Yes, I____ it on your desk just now.’ (see) 2 ‘_____ you ____ dinner?’ ‘Yes, I ____ it with Mary.’ (have) 3 _____the postman_____ yet this morning? ____ the postman_____ this morning? (come) Have seen saw Have had had Have come come Did

Note: The present perfect tense is normally used for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete period, but with the past simple tense, we use time expressions which a fixed point in the past.

e.g. Bill has smoked since he left school. He still smokes.

Bill smoked for six months. It means that he stopped smoking then.

Note Sometimes, however, The present perfect tense used for the action finishes at the time of speaking. e.g. It has been very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer.  On meeting someone, you may say: I haven’t seen you for ages. (But I see you now.) 

e.g. Tom has had a bad car crash. Note The present perfect tense used for a past action whose time is not definite and often has a result in the present. e.g. Tom has had a bad car crash. He’s probably still in hospital now.

Tom had a bad car crash. He is probably out of hospital now.

Answers for the diary: (2) __________ (3) __________ (4) __________ (5) __________ (6) __________ (7) _________ (8) __________ (9) _________ (10) _________ (11) ________ saw has visited loves hasn’t visited has seen has never met has travelled has found Has, been hasn’t found

Sorry. Have you been waiting long? I have been waiting for an hour. Look at the sentences: Sorry. Have you been waiting long? I have been waiting for an hour.

waiting arrive Past One hour ago Present

have (has) +been + doing 1. The form of the Present perfect continuous tense： We form the present perfect continuous tense with have/has been and the present participle of the verb. have (has) +been + doing

2. The uses of the present perfect continuous tense: We sometimes use the Present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing, or have just finished but are still connected to the present in some way.

Answers of Dr Frank’s website (2) ______________ (3) _____________ (4)______________ (5) _____________ (6) ______________ have been talking have been talking have been studying have seen have been writing

Present perfect or present perfect continuous tense? Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. She is still reading the book.

Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. She finished reading the book. She knows the content of the book now.

Note: We use the present perfect tense to talk about an action completed in the recent past, and the present prefect continuous tense for an action that started in the past and is still happening.

I have visited Egypt twice this month. I have been touring Egypt for two months.

Note: The present perfect continuous tense can’t be used with time expressions such as twice or how many times, because in this tense the action is continuous, not stopped and started again. We can use the present perfect tense for repeated actions, and the present perfect continuous tense for non-stop actions.

How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? How many times have you swum in the lake?

Note: We usually use the present perfect tense to ask questions beginning with how many/much, and the present perfect continuous tense to ask questions beginning with how long.

A state verb or an action verb? 1. I have had this camera for five years. 2. I have taken photos of UFOs with this camera. 3. I have been taking photos of UFOs with this camera. state verb action verb state verb

An action means something happening or changing An action means something happening or changing. A state means something staying the same. Some examples of action verbs are do, go, and play. Some examples of state verbs are like, know and exist.

Note: We can use either a state verb or an action with the present perfect tense, but we usually can only use an action verb with the present perfect continuous tense. A state verb doesn’t mean an action, so it can’t be used in a continuous tense.

e.g. They’ve always had a big garden. How long have you known each other? He’s been in hospital since his accident.

I’ve never visited Paris. I’ve already been to Paris.

Note: We use the present perfect tense, not the present perfect continuous tense, with the words like always, never, yet, already and ever.

How long have you been learning English? How long have you learnt English?

It has rained for a long time. It has been raining for a long time.

Note: An action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished can, with certain verbs, be expressed by either the present perfect or present perfect continuous. Verbs which can be used in this way include expect, hope, learn, lie, live, sleep, sit, study, wait, want, snow, etc.

Practice Make up dialogues with the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense.

Answers of part A on page 11: (1) __________ (2) __________ (3) __________ (4) __________ (5) __________ (6) _________ (7) __________ (8) _________ (9) _________ (10) ________ (11) _________ heard been doing been researching done started achieved read found started been drawing been making

Sample answers on page 11 part B 1. He has been waiting at a bus stop in a city. 2. They have been travelling in a UFO. It looks like a saucer.

3. They probably have talked to animals or plants on Earth as well as creatures on other plants. 4. They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.

高考链接 — I’m sorry, but I don’t quite follow you. Did you say you want to return on September 20? — Sorry, I _________ myself clear. We want to return on October 20. (2010 北京) A. hadn’t made B. wouldn’t make C. don’t make D. haven’t made

2. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ______ before leaving their hometowns. (2010 福建) A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised

3. Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she ________ since her marriage to Father. (2010 江西) A. shoulders B. shouldered C. is shouldering D. has been shouldering

4. The book has been translated into thirty language since it ________ on the market in 1973. (2010 重庆) A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes

5. I’m tired out. I _______ all afternoon and I don’t seem to have finished anything. (2010 湖南) A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping

考点考例 1. I haven’t heard anything from him yet. (P8) [考点] 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响，句中可以没有具体的时间状语。肯定句中用already，否定句和疑问句中用yet。

[考例1] ----____ you _____ him around the museum yet? ----Yes. We had a great time there. A. Have；shown B. Do；show C. Had；shown D. Did；show [点拨] 此句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，即：是否已经带他参观了博物馆。

[考例2] We _____ our new neighbors yet, so we don’t know their names. A. don’t meet B. won’t meet C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met [点拨] 此句表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响。

2. He has sent me an e-mail, telling me about his travels around the world. (P8) [考点] V-ing 短语作后置定语，表示 V-ing形式和被修饰的名词之间 是主动关系。

[考例1] Peter received a letter just now _____ his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. says C. saying D. to say [点拨] saying 修饰a letter，相当于which said ...。

[考例2] Don’t respond to any e-mails ___ personal information, no matter how official they look. A. searching B. asking C. requesting D. questioning [点拨] search和ask后面应加介词for；request意为“询问”；question意为“提问，盘问，审问”。故选C。

3. Kelly: Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long? Mavis: Yes. I’ve been waiting for an hour. (P9) [考点] 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始的动作到现在为止一直在进行，且可能持续下去。有时含有不耐烦、责备等感情色彩。

[考例1] —I have got a headache. —No wonder. You _____ in front of that computer too long. A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked [点拨] 由语境可以看出work动作开始于过去，持续到现在，对现在还有影响，且含有责备的口吻，所以用现在完成进行时。

[考例2] Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year. A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying [点拨] 句意：凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上做语法笔记，她一直在那里学英语，到现在已经一年了。

Homework 1. Finish Part C1 and C2 on page 88 in Workbook. 2. Review Task part.

Thank you for listening！