Evolution of Europe’s Political Geography – Chapter 7 Byzantine Empire – Byzantium Ottoman Empire – Constantinople Republic of Turkey - Istanbul (Kemal Ataturk) Split of Roman Empire between east and west Split of Catholic Church - Byzantine/Orthodox Church Charlemagne - King of Franks Feudal Europe Brandenburg (Berlin), Ostmark (Vienna) Hapsburg Empire: Germans, Slavs, Hungarians (German was dominant language)

in 1911

Revolutions and rise of Nationalism Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country Nation-state Examples – Denmark – Nation-states in Europe Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality Imperialism – French Empire - Napoleon Bonaparte – British Empire – German Empires: 1st Reich - Holy Roman Empire 2nd Reich - German Empire rd Reich - Nazi German Empire - Adolph Hitler – Unification of Italy s Unification & breakup – Prussia, East Prussia – Kaliningrad – Yugoslav Federation – Josep Tito – U.S.S.R. - breakup and former Soviet republics – Czechoslovakia

Nation-states in Europe Figure 7-15

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Multinational states – Multiethnic state A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity – Example: the United States – Multinational state A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity – Example: the United Kingdom – Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) Revival of ethnic identity

Former U.S.S.R.

Ethnicities in Russia Figure 7-18

Adygea Dagestan Chechnya North Ossetia Ingushetia Karachay-Cherkessia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Mari-El Mordvinia Chuvashia Tatarstan Udmurtia Bashkortostan Komi Karelia Autonomous Russian Republics

The European Union

EU Enlargement

The EURO European Central BankEurozone

Schengen Area

NATO in Europe

Other European Organizations European Coal and Steel Community – Now part of EU EFTA CIS

Devolution and Regionalism in Europe

Regionalism and Devolutionary movements – Nations without states France: Corsica (Corse), Brittany (Breton), Alsace (German), Occitanian - Provence (Langue d'Oc) Spain: Basque Country (Euskera), Catalonia (Catalan), Galicia (Gallego), Andalucia Belgium: Flanders (Flemish), Walloonia (Walloon French) United Kingdom: Scotland (Scots Gaelic), Wales (Welsh), Northern Ireland (Catholic Ulster Irish) Italy: Mezzogiorno – Sicily, Sardinia; South Tiroleans Czech Republic: Bohemia, Moravia Slovakia: Magyar, Ruthenia Croatia: Orthodox Serbs - Krajina Republic Bosnia-Herzegovina: Serbian Republic, Catholic Croats, Muslim Bosnians Kosovo (Albanians) Romania: Magyars – Transylvania Greece: Macedonians, Albanians Moldova: Russians – Trans Dniester Ukraine: Crimea (Russians), west Catholic, east Orthodox

Autonomous and de-facto Republics in the former Soviet States (the CIS) Ukraine – Crimea Moldova – Transnistria (Trans-Dniester)

Languages in Southeastern Europe

Ethnic Cleansing and Balkanization Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia – Bosnia-Herzegovina – Croatia – Kosovo

The Balkans in 1914 The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

Ethnic Regions in former Yugoslavia Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

Bosnia-Herzegovina: Internal Republics Republic of Srpska Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic)

Republic of Kosovo

Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Autonomous Regions in Spain Galicia Basque Country Catalonia Valencia

Language Divisions in Belgium

Other Devolutionary Regions Wales/Cymru Brittany/Bretagne Corse/Corsica Crimea South Ossetia Abkhazia Chechnya Dagestan Ingushetia North Ossetia

Urban Geography “Towns and Cities” – Chapters 8-9 Greek and Roman cities Medieval cities Renaissance cities Industrial cities Modern cities Post Modern/Post Industrial cities Soviet cities Post-soviet cities European cities versus American cities