Kingdom Fungi Ch 26

Pros/Cons of Fungi Pros Decompose dead organic waste Source of food and food production Bread and wine making Medicine Cons Food spoilage Disease Some are poisonous

1. Characteristics of Fungi a. Eukaryotes b. Heterotrophs c. Habitat-air, water, damp walls, gardens, food, warm moist environments, cold temperature. d. Most are multicellular; yeast is unicelluar.

The Fungi Kingdom 1) fungi lack chlorophyll 2) fungi are not photosynthetic cannot produce their own food 3) they never reproduce by making seeds 4) most fungi have cell walls made of chitin… Except molds 4 Reasons Fungi Are Different From Plants cellulose Plant cell walls are made of what? molds have cell walls made of cellulose…like plants most are saprophytes (feed on dead organic matter) some are parasites (feed on living organisms) Saprophyte-feeds on dead/decaying organisms

Structure of Fungi a. Hyphae(pl)-threadlike filaments which develop from spores b. They have cell walls composed of chitin. which give the cell wall strength and flexibility.

c. Mycelium (s) -A network of filaments that may contain different types of hyphae Anchor fungus into its food source Allow fungus to absorb nutrients from food source Form spores for reproduction d. Some hyphae are divided into individual cells by crosswalls called septa The septa contain pores……

The Fungi Kingdom single hypha Mass of hyphae (mycelium) Germ tube (Growing Spore) (initial hypha)

Fungi are heterotrophic. 3. Extracellular digestion, process by which food is digested outside the fungal body and nutrients diffuse (are absored) into hyphae a. Saprophytes (decomposers)-feed on dead organic matter b. Parasites- absorb nutrients from the living cells of their hosts

Saprophyte Turkey tail fungus

Mycorrhiza (mutualism) Mycorrhiza-symbiotic relationshio between fungus and plant roots Fungus increases plant’s absoprtion of nutrients and water Plants provide organic nutrients BOTH BENEFIT!!!!

Lichen (Mutualism) Lichen-fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria Fungus provides water and minerals it absorbs from rain and the air Algae provides nutrients.

Lichens

The Fungi Kingdom

4. Reproduction 3 types of Asexual reproduction a. Budding b. Fragmentation c. Spores ---reproductive cell that grows into a new organism without fertilization sporangium-sac where spores are produced; protects spores from harsh conditions Spores are dispersed by wind, water, and animals Once spores are caught by something, they can be carried long distances

The Fungi Kingdom

Kingdom Fungi Phylum Zygomycota Ex: Rhizopus stonifer (bread mold) Hyphae grow when spores settle on moist bread. Stolons grow along the surface producing mycelim; rhizoids penetrate food and anchor mycelium into bread Hyphae grow upward to produce sporangia which contains spores

The Fungi Kingdom Rhizoids- hyphae of bread mold that digest bread for ingestion

Ascomycotes (sac fungi) Yeast, morels, truffles Importance Found on decaying food, Cause plant disease Yeast ferment sugar to produce the CO2 needed to make beer, wine, bread (alcoholic fermentation); also important to genetic studies Morels and truffles are edible Cause plant diseases such as Dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, apple scab, and ergot.

Dutch elm disease Chestnut blight Apple scab

morel

EX: yeasts, cup fungi, powdery mildews, & lichens Lichens - a fungus and an organism with chlorophyll that live together

Deuteromycotes Cause of human infections which include athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections, and jock itch Penicillin –antibiotic Food production-Soy sauce, blue cheese citric acid used in jams, jellies, soft drinks, fruit flavored candy

Basidiomycotes (club fungi) Ex: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, smut

Mushroom Reproduction