Restoration (1814/5-1830) July Monarchy ( ) Second Republic ( )
Restoration (1814/5-1830) ► Louis XVIII (Bourbon line of royal family) ► Tried to restore many of the elements of the ancien régime. ► Kept a number of reforms from Napoleon: Departments New courts Tax system Bank of France (centralized state bank) Napoleonic Code ► Charles X – conservative; went further than Louis XVII
July Revolution (1830) ► Three-day revolution in July All classes against the monarchy. ► Change in royal families: Bourbon line (légitimiste) to the Orléans line ► Constitutional monarchy ► Louis-Philippe the “bourgeois king” – the bourgeois or July monarchy lasting until 1848 ► Embraced bourgeois ideals – emphasis on the role of money. ► Honoré de Balzac La Comédie humaine in part a critique of the era. ► Karl Marx – Das Kapital appreciated Balzac’s analysis of society
Liberty Leading the People Eugène Delacroix (1830)
1832
Transformations ► Increased percentage of people eligible to vote: based on taxation. ► Reduced birth rate ► Industrial “revolution” – slow and steady ► Bad working and living conditions ► Cholera epidemics in 1832 and ► Rise of socialism and anarchism to defend workers’ rights and create protections for workers.
Second Republic ( ) ► February 1848 revolution: all classes against the monarchy. ► Universal male suffrage ► Elected Louis Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon) ► June 1848 – second uprising. Split in social classes ► Coup d’état 1851 – President for life ► 1852 becomes Emperor Napoleon III ► Government: Second Empire
barricades
Some points to retain ► Political instability ► Repeated popular uprisings often resulting in overthrow of the government ► Poor living conditions